Thionine

Thionine
Names
	IUPAC name 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium
Identifiers
CAS Number	26754-93-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	10554883 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.008.611
PubChem CID	65043 (chloride salt);
UNII	8CFV7T4334 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40928850, DTXSID60936593 DTXSID90883445, DTXSID40928850, DTXSID60936593 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H10N3S/c13-7-1-3-9-11(5-7)16-12-6-8(14)2-4-10(12)15-9/h1-6H,13-14H2/q+1 Key: CBBMGBGDIPJEMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
	SMILES C1=CC2=C(C=C1N)[S+]=C3C=C(C=CC3=N2)N;
Properties
Chemical formula	C12H10N3S+
Molar mass	228.29 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

Thionine, also known as Lauth's violet, is the salt of a heterocyclic compound. It was firstly synthesised by Charles Lauth. A variety of salts are known including the chloride and acetate, called respectively thionine chloride and thionine acetate. The dye is structurally related to methylene blue, which also features a phenothiazine core.[1] The dye's name is frequently misspelled, with omission of the e. The -ine ending indicates that the compound is an amine.[2][3]

Dye properties and use

Thionine is a strongly staining metachromatic dye, which is widely used for biological staining.[4] Thionine can also be used in place of Schiff reagent in quantitative Feulgen staining of DNA. It can also be used to mediate electron transfer in microbial fuel cells.[5] Thionine is a pH-dependent redox indicator with E⁰ = 0.06 at pH 7.0. Its reduced form, leuco-thionine, is colorless.

When both the amines are dimethylated, the product tetramethyl thionine is the famous methylene blue, and the intermediates are Azure C (Monomethyl thionine), Azure A (when one of the amines is dimethylated and the other remains a primary amine), and Azure B (Trimethyl thionine). When methylene blue is "polychromed" by ripening (oxidized in solution or metabolized by fungal contamination,[6] as originally noted in the thesis of Dr D L Romanowski in 1890s), it forms thionine and all the Azure intermediates.[7][8]

Notes and references

Gérard Taurand, "Phenothiazine and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_387
Kiernan JA (2001). "Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes". Biotech Histochem. 76 (5–6): 261–78. doi:10.1080/bih.76.5-6.261.278. PMID 11871748.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary. G & C Merriam Co. 1976, p.2377.
"Stainsfile — Thionin".
Eugenii Katz; Andrew N. Shipway; Itamar Willner (2003). "21". In Wolf Vielstich (ed.). Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications, 4-Volume Set (PDF). Wiley. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-471-49926-8.
Dako Education Guide - Special Stains and H & E ” second edition Chapter 19: On Chemical Reactions and Staining Mechanisms by John A. Kiernan, Subsection What is Giemsa’s stain and how does it color blood cells, bacteria and chromosomes? p172 Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
Wilson TM. "ON THE CHEMISTRY AND STAINING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF THE METHYLENE BLUE GROUP WHEN COMBINED WITH EOSIN". J Exp Med. 9: 645–70. doi:10.1084/jem.9.6.645. PMC 2124692. PMID 19867116.
Marshall, PN (1978) Romanowsky-type stains in haematology. Histochemical Journal 10: 1-29.

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[1] Gérard Taurand, "Phenothiazine and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_387

[2] Kiernan JA (2001). "Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes". Biotech Histochem. 76 (5–6): 261–78. doi:10.1080/bih.76.5-6.261.278. PMID 11871748.

[3] Webster's Third New International Dictionary. G & C Merriam Co. 1976, p.2377.

[4] "Stainsfile — Thionin".

[5] Eugenii Katz; Andrew N. Shipway; Itamar Willner (2003). "21". In Wolf Vielstich (ed.). Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology, Applications, 4-Volume Set (PDF). Wiley. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-471-49926-8.

[6] Dako Education Guide - Special Stains and H & E ” second edition Chapter 19: On Chemical Reactions and Staining Mechanisms by John A. Kiernan, Subsection What is Giemsa’s stain and how does it color blood cells, bacteria and chromosomes? p172 Archived 2012-05-13 at the Wayback Machine

[7] Wilson TM. "ON THE CHEMISTRY AND STAINING PROPERTIES OF CERTAIN DERIVATIVES OF THE METHYLENE BLUE GROUP WHEN COMBINED WITH EOSIN". J Exp Med. 9: 645–70. doi:10.1084/jem.9.6.645. PMC 2124692. PMID 19867116.

[8] Marshall, PN (1978) Romanowsky-type stains in haematology. Histochemical Journal 10: 1-29.