The Family (Australian New Age group)

The Family – also called the Santiniketan Park Association and the Great White Brotherhood – is an Australian New Age group formed in the mid-1960s under the leadership of yoga teacher Anne Hamilton-Byrne (born Evelyn Grace Victoria Edwards; 30 December 1921 – 13 June 2019).[1][2] The group's headquarters was raided by the police on 14 August 1987 and all children were removed from the premises. In June 1993, Hamilton-Byrne was charged with conspiracy to defraud and to commit perjury by falsely registering the births of three unrelated children as her own triplets, but those charges were dropped. She pleaded guilty to the remaining charge of making a false declaration and was fined $5000.

Not to be confused with Family International.

Religious claims

The Family teaches an eclectic mixture of Christianity and Hinduism with other Eastern and Western religions on the principle that spiritual truths are universal.[3] The children studied the major scriptures of these religions and also the works of fashionable gurus including Sri Chinmoy, Meher Baba, and Rajneesh.[4] The group has an inner circle who justify their actions by their claim to be reincarnations of the Apostles of Jesus.[5]

The basis of The Family's philosophy was that Hamilton-Byrne was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ and a living god. Jesus was said to be a great master who came down to Earth, and the group believed that Buddha and Krishna were other enlightened beings who similarly came down to help humanity. Hamilton-Byrne was regarded as being in the same category as these teachers. One adopted daughter, Sarah Hamilton-Byrne, later described the group's beliefs as a "hotch-potch" of Christianity and Eastern mysticism.[6]

History

Beginnings

Around 1964, Raynor Johnson was hosting regular meetings of a religious and philosophical discussion group led by Hamilton-Byrne at Santiniketan, his home at Ferny Creek in the Dandenong Ranges on the eastern outskirts of Melbourne. Also connected was a series of weekly talks he gave at the Council of Adult Education in Melbourne, entitled "The Macrocosm and the Microcosm". The group purchased an adjoining property which they named Santiniketan Park in 1968 and constructed a meeting hall, Santiniketan Lodge.[7]

The group consisted of middle class professionals; it has been estimated that a quarter were nurses and other medical personnel and that many were recruited by Johnson, who referred them to Hamilton-Byrne's hatha yoga classes.[8] Members mainly lived in nearby suburbs and townships in the Dandenongs, meeting each Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday evening at Santiniketan Lodge, Crowther House in Olinda or another property in the area known as the White Lodge.[9][4]

Newhaven

During the late 1960s and the 1970s, Newhaven Hospital in Kew was a private psychiatric hospital owned and managed by Marion Villimek, a Santiniketan member; many of its staff and attending psychiatrists were also members.[4][10][11]

Many patients at Newhaven were treated with the hallucinogenic drug LSD.[12] The hospital was used to recruit potential new members from among the patients, and also to administer LSD to members under the direction of the Santiniketan psychiatrists John Mackay and Howard Whitaker.[13] One of the original members of the Association was given LSD, electroconvulsive therapy, and two leucotomies, also called lobotomies, during the late 1960s.[7]

Although the psychiatric hospital had been closed down by 1992, in that year a new inquest was ordered into the death of a Newhaven patient in 1975 after new claims that his death had been due to deep sleep therapy. The inquest heard evidence concerning the use of electroconvulsive therapy, LSD, and other practices at Newhaven but found no evidence that deep sleep had been used on this patient.[14] The Newhaven building was later reopened as a nursing home with no connections to its previous owner or uses.

Kai Lama property

Anne Hamilton-Byrne acquired fourteen infants and young children between about 1968 and 1975. Some were the natural children of members of The Family; others had been obtained through irregular adoptions arranged by lawyers, doctors, and social workers within the group who could bypass the normal processes. The children's identities were changed using false birth certificates or deed poll, all being given the surname "Hamilton-Byrne" and dressed alike even to the extent of their hair being dyed uniformly blonde.[15]

The children were kept in seclusion and home-schooled at Kai Lama, a rural property usually referred to as "Uptop", at Taylor Bay on Lake Eildon near the town of Eildon, Victoria. They were told that Anne Hamilton-Byrne was their biological mother, and knew the other adults in the group as "aunties" and "uncles".[4] They were denied almost all access to the outside world, and subjected to a discipline that included frequent, severe beatings – often for little or no reason – and starvation diets.[16]

The children were frequently dosed with the psychiatric drugs fluphenazine, diazepam, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, nitrazepam, oxazepam, trifluoperazine, carbamazepine, or imipramine.[4] On reaching adolescence they were compelled to undergo an initiation involving LSD: while under the influence of the drug the child would be left in a dark room, alone, apart from visits by Hamilton-Byrne or one of the psychiatrists from the group.[4][17]

Siddha Yoga

For a few years, Anne Hamilton-Byrne developed a connection to the Siddha Yoga movement, receiving shaktipat initiation from Swami Muktananda and taking the Sanskrit name Ma Yoga Shakti. She took some of the children to stay with Muktananda at his ashram at South Fallsburg, New York (later known as the Shree Muktananda Ashram) in the Catskill Mountains in 1979 and 1981, and purchased a nearby property as her own base in the US.[4]

Sarah Hamilton-Byrne tells how Muktananda would give a private audience (or darshan) once a week to Hamilton-Byrne's group. He once asked the children if they would like to leave The Family and live with him at his Gurudev Siddha Peeth ashram in Ganeshpuri, India. The children all gave an enthusiastic yes, but were later punished by Hamilton-Byrne for disloyalty. She states that Hamilton-Byrne eventually caused a lot of trouble in the Shree Muktananda Ashram, and some of Muktananda's devotees defected to The Family. Sarah was present when Swami Tejomayananda was initiated into The Family; she states that she could not understand why he would want to join a sect where everyone was so miserable, when it seemed that everyone around Muktananda was so happy.[18]

Police intervention

Sarah Hamilton-Byrne was expelled by her adoptive mother in 1987 because of arguing and rebellious behaviour. With the support of a private investigator and others, she then played an instrumental role in bringing The Family to the attention of the Victoria Police. As a result, a raid took place at Kai Lama on Friday, 14 August 1987, and all children were removed from the premises. Sarah later went on to study medicine and become a qualified doctor. She also learned that she had been adopted and eventually met her biological mother.[19]

After the raid in 1987, Anne Hamilton-Byrne and her husband, William, remained outside Australia for the next six years. Operation Forest, an investigation involving police in Australia, the UK, and the US resulted in their arrest in June 1993 by the FBI in the town of Hurleyville in the Catskills in New York.[20][21][22] They were extradited to Australia and charged with conspiracy to defraud and to commit perjury by falsely registering the births of three unrelated children as their own triplets, charges that was later dropped.[23] Elizabeth Whitaker, wife of the psychiatrist Howard Whitaker, was their co-defendant.[24] The Hamilton-Byrnes pleaded guilty to the remaining charge of making a false declaration and were fined $5000 each. The conspiracy charges against Whitaker was dropped, but she was convicted of falsely obtaining nearly $23,000 between 1983 and 1987.[25][26]

Margot MacLellan, aged 64, was convicted of falsely obtaining $28,000 between 1978 and 1988. Joy Travellyn, aged 56, was convicted of falsely obtaining over $38,000 between 1979 and 1988. Helen Buchanan, aged 49, was convicted of falsely obtaining almost $15,000 between 1980 and 1987.[27]

Litigation

In August 2009, two individuals received financial compensation from Anne Hamilton-Byrne after suing her. Her granddaughter, Rebecca Cook-Hamilton, sued her in 2007 for alleged psychiatric and psychological illnesses. She alleged that she received "cruel and inhuman treatment" from Hamilton-Byrne and her servants, including beatings, being locked in a freezing shed overnight and being forced to take medications. She also alleged that she was given insufficient food. Her award was estimated to be $250,000.[28]

A former member of The Family, Cynthia Chan, alleged that she paid the sum of $352,115 to Hamilton-Byrne for real estate in Olinda, Victoria, but the property was never transferred to her. She also alleged that she paid the sum of $70,400 to Hamilton-Byrne for another property, but this too was never transferred to her. Hamilton-Byrne said she had no memory of the matter. Chan's judgement was estimated at $250,000.[28]

In the 1980s, police estimated that Hamilton-Byrne's fortune could be as much as $50 million.[28]

Timeline
  • 1960s: The Family begins recruiting members from patients at Newhaven Clinic and giving them LSD.
  • 1961: Anne Hamilton-Byrne meets Raynor Johnson and they found The Family.
  • 1964: Johnson buys land at Ferny Creek, Victoria and builds Santiniketan Lodge, which becomes the headquarters of The Family.
  • 1965: Hamilton-Byrne marries South African naval officer Michael Riley, but the marriage does not last.
  • 1968: Hamilton-Byrne begins adopting children along with her partner Bill. Both change their name to Hamilton-Byrne but do not marry at this stage.
  • 1970s: Hamilton-Byrne buys Broom Farm in Langton Green, England and a property in the Catskills, New York near Muktananda's ashram. She also marries Bill.
  • 1983: Australian Federal police go to Kai Lama looking for missing girl Kim Halm.
  • 1986: Newhaven closes and is later the subject of a lawsuit brought by relatives of deceased group members. Anne Hamilton-Byrne wins.
  • 1987: Sarah Hamilton-Byrne is expelled by Anne and later talks to police, resulting in raid on Kai Lama. Children are taken away from the property.
  • 1988: Seven female group members are gaoled for social security fraud.
  • 1989: Victorian police establish Operation Forest to investigate The Family.
  • 1990: Former group solicitor Peter Kibby starts cooperating with police and confesses to forging birth records on orders from Hamilton-Byrne. Former "auntie" Patricia McFarlane gives information to police about adoption scams.[29]
  • 1993: Anne and Bill are arrested in the Catskills by the FBI after phone calls are traced to Australia.
  • 1995: Sarah Hamilton-Byrne's book Unseen Unheard Unknown is published by Penguin.
  • 2001: Sarah Hamilton-Byrne visits Bill before he dies. Anne Hamilton-Byrne attends his funeral in her only public appearance since her conviction.[30]
  • 2009: In a spirit of forgiveness, Sarah Hamilton-Byrne takes the initiative in seeing Anne at her compound in Olinda, Victoria.
  • 2013: It is reported that Anne is close to death with dementia in a Melbourne nursing home, and that there is an internal power struggle over Anne's successor as leader of the group.[31] In an interview with ABC Local Radio in Ballarat in response to these reports, Ben Shenton, who had been adopted by The Family at the age of eighteen months, said the group had become a "toothless tiger".[32]
  • 2014: Secret diaries of Raynor Johnson are released to the public that give an authoritative insiders view on how the group started, what its aim was, and how it grew.[33][34][35][36]
  • 2016: The Family documentary is released at the Melbourne International Film Festival; it is produced by Anna Grieve and written, directed, and co-produced by Rosie Jones.[37]
  • 2019: Rosie Jones expanded three-episode miniseries, The Cult of the Family, is released in March.[38]
  • 2019: Anne Hamilton-Byrne died at the age of 97 on 13 June.[2]

References
  1. Cusack, Carole (3 January 2018). "The Family". World Religions and Spirituality Project. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  2. Hope, Tom Cowie, Zach (14 June 2019). "Anne Hamilton-Byrne, leader of notorious cult The Family, dies at 97". The Age. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  3. Johnson, R. (1972) The Spiritual Path (Hodder & Stoughton: London) ISBN 0-340-15852-2
  4. Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah. (1995a) Unseen, Unheard, Unknown: My life inside the family of Anne Hamilton-Byrne (Penguin Books: Ringwood) ISBN 0-14-017434-6. Extract available online.
  5. Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah. (1995b) p.27
  6. Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah. (1995b) pp.115–129
  7. Judgement in Kibby v. Registrar of Titles and Another, Supreme Court of Victoria, 1999.
  8. "Notes", The Family, Think Big Productions.
  9. "The Family prays together, but no longer stays together", The Age, AU, 11 June 1993.
  10. "Inquest on death in cult hospital", The Age, AU, 13 March 1992.
  11. Middleton, W (4–5 May 2007), Reconstructing the Past: Trauma, Memory and Therapy. Background paper for the seminars "Trauma, Dissociation and Psychosis: Metaphor, Strategy and Reality" (PDF), Sydney: The Delphi Centre in collaboration with The Cannan Institute and the Trauma & Dissociation Unit, Belmont Hospital, p. 97, archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2007.
  12. Elias, D (14 March 1992), "Inquest to probe psychiatry of swinging 'sixties'", The Age, AU.
  13. Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), "Hierarchies of organisation within cults" (PDF), The Skeptic, 15 (3): 26.
  14. "No sleep therapy – coroner", The Age, AU, 25 August 1992.
  15. Sinnott, N.H. (1997). "Anatomy of a cruel cult" (PDF). The Skeptic. 17 (2): 45.
  16. Middleton, W. (2007) p.96
  17. Middleton, W. (2007) p.97
  18. Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), pp.94–95
  19. Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), pp.175–195
  20. "Australian Sect leaders arrested", The Sun-Herald, 5 June 1993.
  21. "Guru of a 'family' based on mysticism Anne Hamilton-Byrne, arrested in the US to face conspiracy and fraud charges in Australia, has been the centre of controversy for 30 years". The Canberra Times. 67 (21, 236). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 6 June 1993. p. 4. Retrieved 14 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  22. "Britain alleged Australian sect leader now on UK farm". The Canberra Times. 61 (18, 954). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 26 August 1987. p. 5. Retrieved 14 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. "Sect couple face court in Melbourne", The Age, 17 August 1993.
  24. 'Three face charges of conspiracy' The Age 16 November 1993
  25. "Sect leader registered three babies as her own", The Age, 23 September 1994.
  26. "Family group founder, husband fined", The Age, 27 September 1994
  27. Hamilton-Byrne, Sarah (1995b), pp.172–173
  28. Campbell, James (16 August 2009). "Payout for The Family sect victims". Sunday Herald Sun. The Herald & Weekly Times. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
  29. Campbell, James (16 August 2009). "A twisted controller". The Sunday Herald Sun. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  30. Campbell, James (16 August 2009). "Creating the family tree". The Sunday Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  31. Johnston, Chris (22 July 2013). "Battle for control as cult leader deteriorates". The Age. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  32. McKenzie, Elizabeth (23 July 2013). "Ben Shenton, survivor of the cult The Family". ABC Local Radio. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  33. Drill, Stephen (22 August 2014). "Read the secret diary that reveals the bizarre beliefs of aliens, super human powers and twisted child mind control inside The Family cult". Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  34. Drill, Stephen (22 August 2014). "Former Queen's College headmaster Dr Raynor Johnson tainted by Family ties". Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  35. Drill, Stephen (22 August 2014). "The Family diaries part one" (PDF). Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  36. Drill, Stephen (22 August 2014). "The Family diaries part two" (PDF). Herald Sun. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  37. McCormack, Ange (3 August 2016). "'Evil, Wicked': What it was like to grow up in one of Australia's most notorious cults". Hack. Triple J. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  38. Buckmaster, Luke (12 March 2019). "The Cult of the Family review – the definitive history of a notorious Australian cult". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December 2020.


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