Tetra (monkey)

Tetra (born October 1999) is a rhesus macaque that was created through a cloning technique called "embryo splitting". She is the first "cloned" primate by artificial twinning, and was created by a team led by Professor Gerald Schatten of the Oregon National Primate Research Center.[1] Nonetheless, in January 2018, scientists in China reported in the journal Cell the creation of two crab-eating macaque monkey clones, named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua, using the complex DNA transfer method that produced Dolly the sheep, for the first time.[2][3][4][5]

Tetra
BreedRhesus macaque
SexFemale
BornTetra
October 1999 (age 21)
Oregon Regional Primate Research Center
Nation fromUnited States
Known forCloned animal
Named afterAncient Greek for "four"

Description

Tetra was created using embryo splitting, a process where the cells in the embryo are split at the eight–cell stage to create four identical two cell embryos.[1] This was the first time this technique had proven successful in monkeys, although it is often used in cattle.[1] She was the first primate to have been cloned using this "splitting" technique.[1] The first non-human primate derived from nuclear transfer was created in 1997 using a different technique for "cloning".[6] Only two of the four embryos survived to a sufficient stage in which they could be implanted into surrogates, and Tetra was the only one to be delivered successfully after 157 days.[1] The announcement of Tetra was made on 13 January 2000, when she was four months old.[7] It was thought that by producing identical primates, advances in human medical research could be made. A further four monkeys, cloned using this same technique were due to be born in May 2000.[8]

The team at the Oregon National Primate Research Center working on the project was led by Professor Gerald Schatten, who described the process involved as "artificial twinning".[1] It was not the same technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, which involved transferring material from an adult animal into an empty cell sack.[1]

In following year, the team produced another rhesus macaque, named Andi, who was the first genetically modified monkey. The egg that was used had been modified to include the jellyfish gene to make cells glow under a special microscope.[9]

See also

References
  1. White-house, David (14 January 2000). "Scientists 'clone' monkey". BBC News.
  2. Liu, Zhen; et al. (24 January 2018). "Cloning of Macaque Monkeys by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer". Cell. 172 (4): 881–887.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.020. PMID 29395327. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  3. Normile, Dennis (24 January 2018). "These monkey twins are the first primate clones made by the method that developed Dolly". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aat1066. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  4. Briggs, Helen (24 January 2018). "First monkey clones created in Chinese laboratory". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  5. "Scientists Successfully Clone Monkeys; Are Humans Up Next?". The New York Times. Associated Press. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  6. Meng, L; et al. (1997). "Rhesus monkeys produced by nuclear transfer". Biology of Reproduction. 57 (2): 454–459. doi:10.1095/biolreprod57.2.454. PMID 9241063.
  7. "Scientists to Announce Cloning of Monkey Using 'Embryo Splitting' After Years of Development in this Controversial Science". CNN. 13 January 2000.
  8. "Identical monkeys may aid human research". The Deseret News. 14 January 2000.
  9. "GM monkey first". BBC News. 11 January 2001.
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