Testicular self-examination

Testicular self-examination (TSE) is a procedure for checking for early testicular cancer, where a man examines his own testicles and scrotum for possible lumps or swelling, performed on a regular basis starting from puberty. It is usually undertaken after a warm bath or shower while standing at home.[1]

Testicular self-examination
A man examines his testicles
Other namesTSE
MedlinePlus003909

Testicular cancer is uncommon, affects mainly men between ages 15 and 49 and typically presents with a painless testicular lump, or a change in the shape or texture of the testicles.[2] Monthly self-examination of the testicles, starting at puberty, may be an effective way of detecting testicular cancer at an early, potentially treatable stage.[3]

However, the effectiveness of performing routine TSE in people without symptoms in reducing morbidity and mortality from testicular cancer is not known. Not all organisations endorse the procedure as a screening test, arguing that it may lead to unnecessary treatments.[4]

Background

The testicles, also known as testes, are the oval-shaped male reproductive organs located in the scrotum under the penis, and produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.[1] Testicular cancer is one of the less common cancers, tends to mostly affect men between ages 15 and 49 and typically presents with a painless testicular swelling or lump, or any change in shape or texture of the testicles.[2]

Aim

Monthly self-examination of the testicles, starting at puberty, may be an effective way of detecting testicular cancer at an early, and potentially treatable stage.[3][5] Recommendations vary with some physicians advocating monthly TSE to men ages 15 to 55.[6][7]

Indications

Practitioners may recommend testicular self-exam (TSE) when the following risk factors are present:

There is no general medical consensus for recommendations on TSE. The effectiveness of performing TSE in reducing morbidity and mortality from testicular cancer is not known. Not all organisations endorse the procedure as a screening test, arguing that it may lead to unnecessary treatments. The benefit of TSE is uncertain; thus, the US Preventative Services Task Force and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners do not recommend routine screening, while the American Cancer Society recommends TSE for men over the age of 20, and the European Association of Urology recommends TSE for men with risk factors.[4] In 2018, the American Academy of Family Physicians doubted benefits of TSE to screen for testicular cancer due to high false-positive results, the low incidence of disease, high cure rates of treatment and harms from diagnostic procedures.[8][9]

Procedure

For men who choose to perform TSE, it is recommended to be done at the same time every month.[5] TSE is performed in front of a mirror in the standing position, after a warm bath or shower, when the scrotum is relaxed and the testicles are lower and more easily felt.[1][10]

Subsequently, in a systematic order, any outer skin changes and swellings that are visible are noted, after which both hands are used to feel each testicle. By placing each thumb on top of the testicle and each middle and index finger below, the testicles can be comfortably rolled between the fingers and thumb. Alternatively, one hand can be used to stabilize the testicle, while it is felt using the other hand.[1][3][5] The whole procedure should be painless.[1][3][5]

Variation in size between the left and right testicles is often normal[11] and by performing TSE, men become familiar with their own anatomy, allowing them to know when a lump or change is suspicious, warranting further assessment.[2]

The next step involves locating the long tube-like structure behind each testicle, which collects and transports sperm, called the epididymis.[3]

Sometimes, if a young adult male has a spouse or partner, the spouse/partner will perform or assist in the exam, which can be done as a form of sex play and/or foreplay. The spouse or partner often is the one that spots testicular changes without formal screening.[4]

Findings

TSE may reveal a number of findings including:

  • a lump in one testicle[5]
  • pain or tenderness in a testicle, or a feeling of fullness or pain in the scrotum, penis, groin, or abdomen[5]
  • buildup of fluid in the scrotum[5]
  • a change in the size of one testicle or the relative sizes of the two (it can be normal for one testicle to be slightly larger, or hang lower than the other)[1]

Limitations

Some signs and symptoms of testicular cancer found during the TSE are common to other disorders of the male urinary tract and reproductive organs, some of which require prompt medical attention to preserve reproductive and urinary function. These include hydrocele testis, a varicocele, a spermatocele, genitourinary system cancers, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, or testicular torsion.

Society and culture

In 2018, Chris Hughes, from the TV show Love Island, was examined by TV physician Chris Steele on This Morning, a live TV show. Steele explained that "a lot of men who find something wrong are embarrassed to go to a GP to discuss it...it’s a very frustrating area, testicular cancer, but it’s eminently curable, it’s a young man’s cancer, it’s easily detectable".[12]

Testicular self-examination has generally low rates of practice in part because males are poorly informed, but also because of psychological aversion.[13] Comparatively, woman are more diligent in performing breast self-examination than men. A person's likeliness to perform self-examination is related to their fear of developing cancer.[14] In addition to sex there is some reason to believe that socioeconomic factors also relate to frequency of examination.[15]

See also

References
  1. "Testicular self-exam". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  2. "Testicular cancer". National Health Service United Kingdom. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  3. "Testicular Self-examination; Frequently-asked questions" (PDF). Leaflet No.16/135. British Association of Urological Surgeons.
  4. Ilic D, Misso ML (February 2011). "Screening for testicular cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD007853. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007853.pub2. PMID 21328302.
  5. Shaw J (February 2008). "Diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer" (PDF). American Family Physician. 77 (4): 469–74. PMID 18326165.
  6. "Testicular Cancer - Screening". Cancer Network. American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). 28 October 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  7. "Testicular Cancer" (PDF). The Urology Foundation. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  8. "American Academy of Family Physicians". Choosing Wisely. American Board of Internal Medicine. 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  9. Rovito MJ, Manjelievskaia J, Leone JE, Lutz M, Cavayero CT, Perlman D (May 2018). "Recommendations for Treating Males: An Ethical Rationale for the Inclusion of Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) in a Standard of Care". American Journal of Men's Health. 12 (3): 539–545. doi:10.1177/1557988315620468. PMC 5987962. PMID 26634857.
  10. "Patient Information: Self-Examination of the Testes". Cancer Network. Oncology. 18 April 2008.
  11. "Testicular self-examination - Understanding cancer". Macmillan Cancer Support. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  12. "Chris Hughes praised for showing his full testicular exam on live TV". The Independent. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
  13. Rudberg L, Nilsson S, Wikblad K, Carlsson M (July–August 2005). "Testicular cancer and testicular self-examination: knowledge and attitudes of adolescent Swedish men". Cancer Nursing. 28 (4): 256–62. doi:10.1097/00002820-200507000-00003. PMID 16046886.
  14. Katz RC, Meyers K, Walls J (August 1995). "Cancer awareness and self-examination practices in young men and women". Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 18 (4): 377–84. doi:10.1007/BF01857661. PMID 7500328.
  15. Wynd CA (September 2002). "Testicular self-examination in young adult men". Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 34 (3): 251–5. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2002.00251.x. PMID 12237987.
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