Tentacled snake

The tentacled snake or tentacle snake (Erpeton tentaculatum) is a rear-fanged aquatic snake native to South-East Asia. It is the only species of its genus, Erpeton, and the two tentacles on its snout are a unique feature among snakes.

Tentacled snake
Tentacled snake head and tentacles.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Homalopsidae
Genus: Erpeton
Species:
E. tentaculatum
Binomial name
Erpeton tentaculatum
Synonyms

Erpeton tentaculatus [orth. error] Lacépède, 1800
Rhinopirus erpeton Merrem, 1820
Homalopsis herpeton Schlegel, 1837
Herpeton tentaculatum Jan, 1860

Description

The tentacled snake is a relatively small snake, averaging about 50 to 90 cm (20 to 35 in) in length.[3][4] They are known to come in two color phases, striped or blotched, with both phases ranging from dark gray or brown to a light tan. It lives its entire life in murky water.

The tentacled snake is the only species of snake to possess twin "tentacles" on the front of its head, which have been shown to have mechanosensory function.[5] Its diet consists solely of fish.[1]

Although it does have venomous fangs, the tentacled snake is not considered dangerous to humans. The fangs are small, only partially grooved, and positioned deep in the rear of the mouth.[6] The venom is specific to the fish that the tentacled snake eats.[4]

Distribution

A native of South-East Asia, the tentacled snake can be found in Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam.[1][2] The snake lives its entire life in the murky water of lakes, rice paddies, and slow moving streams, and can be found in fresh, brackish, and sea water. A prime example of its habitat is the Tonlé Sap lake in central Cambodia. The water there contains much silt and has a large fish population.

Tonlé Sap lake, Cambodia

Reproduction

The young develop ovoviviparously and are born live underwater.[3]

Behaviour

Tentacled snakes spend their whole life in the water and can stay underwater for up to 30 minutes without coming up for air.[4] They can only move awkwardly on land. In dry times and at night, the snake may burrow itself in the mud.[3]

Hunting is accomplished via a unique ambush method. Tentacled snakes spend much of their time in a rigid posture.[3] The tail is used to anchor the animal underwater while its body assumes a distinctive upside-down "J" shape. The striking range is a narrow area downwards from its head, somewhat towards its body. Once a fish swims within that area the snake will strike by pulling itself down in one quick motion towards the prey.

Through the use of high-speed cameras and hydrophones, the snake's method of ambush is revealed in greater detail. The snake anticipates the movements of the fish as it attempts to escape. As the fish swims into range, the snake creates a disturbance in the water by moving part of its body posterior to the neck. This disturbance triggers an escape reflex in the fish called the C-start, in which the fish contorts its body into a "C" shape. Normally at this point the fish would swim quickly away from the disturbance by quickly straightening its body, but the snake grabs it, usually by the head, anticipating its movement. The snake catches fish by tricking them into reflexively attempting to escape in the wrong direction.[7] Unlike most predators, the snake doesn't aim for the fish's initial position and then adjust its direction as the fish moves, it heads directly for the location where it expects the fish's head to be.[8][9] The ability to predict the position of its prey appears to be innate.[10]

The tentacled snake retracts its eyes when it begins to strike.[7]

Footnotes
  1. Murphy, J.; Brooks, S.E. & Bain, R.H. (2010). "Erpeton tentaculatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T176697A7285596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176697A7285596.en.
  2. Erpeton tentaculatum at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 14 February 2015.
  3. http://www.siam-info.de/english/snakes_homalopsinae.html#Erpeton%20tentaculum
  4. http://www.torontozoo.com/Animals/details.asp?AnimalId=580
  5. Catania, K. C.; D. B. Leitch & D. Gauthier (2010). "Function of the appendages in tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatus)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213: 359–367. doi:10.1242/jeb.039685.
  6. Fry, Bryan G.; Holger Scheib; Louise van der Weerd; Bruce Young; Judith McNaughtan; S. F. Ryan Ramjan; Nicolas Vidal; Robert E. Poelmann & Janette A. Norman (2008). "Evolution of an arsenal: structural and functional diversification of the venom system in the advanced snakes (Caenophidia)" (PDF). Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 7: 215–246. doi:10.1074/mcp.M700094-MCP200. PMID 17855442.
  7. "The tentacled snake turns a fish's defence into a death march". Not Exactly Rocket Science: Science for Everyone. ScienceBlogs. Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
  8. Discovery of a Water Snake That Predicts the Direction Its Prey Will Flee Newswise, Retrieved on June 24, 2009.
  9. http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2009/06/video-tentacled-snake-in-action-82827/ Video of a Tentacled Snake in Action, Retrieved on December 16, 2010.
  10. Kenneth C. Catania (2010). "Born Knowing: Tentacled Snakes Innately Predict Future Prey Behavior". PLoS ONE. 5 (6): e10953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010953. PMC 2886828. PMID 20585384. Retrieved 20 June 2010.

References
  • Catania, Kenneth C (2011). "Natural-Born Killer: Lethal from day one, the tentacled snake uses surprisingly sly tactics to capture fish." Scientific American. April 2011, pp. 65–67.
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