Teiichi Suzuki

Teiichi Suzuki (鈴木 貞一, Suzuki Teiichi, December 16, 1888 – July 15, 1989) was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army, minister of state and member of the House of Peers. A close associate of Hideki Tojo, he helped plan Japan's wartime economy.

Teiichi Suzuki
Teiichi Suzuki
Native name	鈴木 貞一
Born	December 16, 1888 Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Died	July 15, 1989 (aged 100) Shibayama, Chiba, Japan
Allegiance	Empire of Japan
Service/branch	Imperial Japanese Army
Years of service	1910 - 1941
Rank	Lieutenant General
Battles/wars	World War II

Biography

Military career

The eldest son of a landowner in Chiba Prefecture, Suzuki had aspired to participate in the forestry development of Manchuria based on stories told by his uncle, who was a colonel in the Imperial Japanese Army during the Russo-Japanese War. He applied for Tokyo Imperial University's Faculty of Agriculture, but passed the examinations for the Imperial Japanese Army Academy and upon the recommendations of his uncle, began a military career instead. He graduated from the 22nd class in 1910, and from the 29th class of the Army War College in 1917. After commissioning, he studied economics for a year and was briefly assigned to the Ministry of Finance.[1]

Following the Nikolayevsk incident, he was dispatched from April to October 1920 to Siberia. he served as a military attache to Shanghai from November 1920 to February 1922. As he was fluent in both English and Chinese, he was assigned to the China Bureau within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff and was sent to Beijing from August 1925 to December 1925, and to various locations in China from December 1926 to May 1927. he accompanied General Yamanashi Hanzo on a meeting with Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin in Beijing in June 1927.

From 1927, Suzuki became increasingly involved in internal political factions within the Army, and joined the Isseki-kai in 1929. This clique included Tetsuzan Nagata, Hideki Tojo, Kanji Ishiwara and Seishirō Itagaki.[1] He was sent as a military attache to the United Kingdom from February to October 1929. After his return, he was a participant in the 1931 March Incident, an abortive coup d'état intended to make General Kazushige Ugaki prime minister.[2] Following the Mukden Incident later that year, he began advocation of a more aggressive policy in Manchuria, and was one of the most vocal advocates of Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations. He was promoted to colonel in December 1933. From 1934 to 1935, Suzuki served as an instructor at the Army Staff College and was assigned to the Cabinet Research Bureau from 1935 to 1936. During this time, he co-authored a pamphlet outlining his theory for a "national defense state" to prepare for total war, based on utopian and Marxist theories on state control of industries and agrarian reform.[1]

During the February 26 incident in 1936, Suzuki was initially regarded as a member of the Kōdōha faction which supported the attempted coup; however, he switched sides to the Tōseiha as it became apparent that the coup would not succeed. Although this earned him a spot close to Hideki Tojo, it also gained him the reputation as an "opportunist" which many in the Army, including former classmate Tomoyuki Yamashita resented. Suzuki was assigned command of the IJA 14th Infantry regiment in December 1936. Although he had been a bureaucrat and administrator his entire career, with little experience as a field commander and no combat experience, command of a field unit was necessary for his further promotion. He became a major general in November 1937 and was assigned nominally to the staff of the IJA 16th Division from November 1937 to April 1938, although he remained in Tokyo with the Cabinet Research Bureau. From April 1936, he was nominal Chielf-of-Staff of the IJA 3rd Army, At the time, the IJA 3rd Army was a garrison force in Manchukuo, far from the combat zones in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Suzuki returned to Tokyo in December as Head of the Political Affairs Bureau of the East Asia Development Board. He was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1940. He retired from military service in April 1941 and entered the reserves.

Wartime political career

Although retired from the military, Suzuki continued to serve as a Minister of State as Chair of the Cabinet Planning Board under the second and third Fumimaro Konoe administrations. In the October 1941 Gozen Kaigi immediately prior to the start of then Pacific War, Suzuki asserted that the outcome of a war would depend a quantitative analysis of Japan's economic and military power, and that at the present time, due to the American economic embargo, Japan had less that three year's supply of oil and other critical resources. Unless new resources could be secured, Japanese industry would collapse and the military would lose its capability of taking action, resulting in the loss of the Empire.[3] Continuing to serve in the Hideki Tojo administration, he pushed strongly for the creation of the Ministry of Greater East Asia, of which he expected to become the cabinet minister. However, Tojo selected career bureaucrat Kazuo Aoki instead, and Suzuki resigned as Minister of State, and became a member of the Upper House of the Diet of Japan in October 1943.

Postwar

After the surrender of Japan, Suzuki was arrested by the American occupation authorities and was charged with Class A war crimes in December 1945 for his advocation of war at the October 1941 Gozen Kaigi. Found guilty at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for "planning to wage a war of aggression", he was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1948. He was released from Sugamo Prison in September 1955 after the end of the American occupation and was pardoned by the Japanese government in 1958. He was requested to serve as an advisor by several industrialists, and was asked by Kishi Nobusuke to run for the post-war Diet of Japan, but Suzuki refused all offers to return to public life. However, he continued to be consulted on a private basis by conservative politicians, including Eisaku Sato.

Suzuki died at his home in Shibayama, Chiba of heart failure on July 15, 1989 at 100 years old. He was the last surviving defendant of the main Tokyo/Nuremberg trials, outliving Rudolf Hess, who had committed suicide two years earlier.

Decorations

• 1920 – Order of the Rising Sun, 5th class
• 1928 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, 4th class
• 1934 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class
• 1934 – Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class
• 1940 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class [4]

References

• Fukagawa, Hideki (1981). (陸海軍将官人事総覧 (陸軍篇)) Army and Navy General Personnel Directory (Army). Tokyo: Fuyo Shobo. ISBN 4829500026.
• Dupuy, Trevor N. (1992). Encyclopedia of Military Biography. I B Tauris & Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85043-569-3.
• Hata, Ikuhiko (2005). (日本陸海軍総合事典) Japanese Army and Navy General Encyclopedia. Tokyo: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 4130301357.

External links

• Papers that pushed for Pacific War revisited; Fabricated logistics data supplied by Cabinet member helped military railroad government - Japan Times (Accessed 14 August 2013)

Footnotes

1. Mimura, Janis (2011). Planning for Empire: Reform Bureaucrats and the Japanese Wartime State. Cornell University Press. pp. 15, 18. ISBN 9780801449260.
2. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1986). Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict. McGraw Hill. p. 105. ASIN B000RMTVJ2.
3. Morton, Louis (1966). Strategy and Command: The First Two Years. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. p. 95. ASIN B00KSKTD0K.
4. 『官報』第4086号「叙任及辞令」October 19, 1940