Tautological one-form

In mathematics, the tautological one-form is a special 1-form defined on the cotangent bundle ${\displaystyle T^{*}Q}$ of a manifold ${\displaystyle Q}$. In physics, it is used to create a correspondence between the velocity of a point in a mechanical system and its momentum, thus providing a bridge between Lagrangian mechanics with Hamiltonian mechanics (on the manifold ${\displaystyle Q}$).

The exterior derivative of this form defines a symplectic form giving ${\displaystyle T^{*}Q}$ the structure of a symplectic manifold. The tautological one-form plays an important role in relating the formalism of Hamiltonian mechanics and Lagrangian mechanics. The tautological one-form is sometimes also called the Liouville one-form, the Poincaré one-form, the canonical one-form, or the symplectic potential. A similar object is the canonical vector field on the tangent bundle.

To define the tautological one-form, select a coordinate chart ${\displaystyle U}$ on ${\displaystyle T^{*}Q}$ and a canonical coordinate system on ${\displaystyle U.}$ Pick an arbitrary point ${\displaystyle m\in T^{*}Q.}$ By definition of cotangent bundle, ${\displaystyle m=(q,p),}$ where ${\displaystyle q\in Q}$ and ${\displaystyle p\in T_{q}^{*}Q.}$ The tautological one-form ${\displaystyle \theta _{m}:T_{m}T^{*}Q\to \mathbb {R} }$ is given by

${\displaystyle \theta _{m}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}p_{i}dq^{i},}$

with ${\displaystyle n=\mathop {\text{dim}} Q}$ and ${\displaystyle (p_{1},\ldots ,p_{n})\in U\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ being the coordinate representation of ${\displaystyle p.}$

Any coordinates on ${\displaystyle T^{*}Q}$ that preserve this definition, up to a total differential (exact form), may be called canonical coordinates; transformations between different canonical coordinate systems are known as canonical transformations.

The canonical symplectic form, also known as the Poincaré two-form, is given by

${\displaystyle \omega =-d\theta =\sum _{i}dq^{i}\wedge dp_{i}}$

The extension of this concept to general fibre bundles is known as the solder form. By convention, one uses the phrase "canonical form" whenever the form has a unique, canonical definition, and one uses the term "solder form", whenever an arbitrary choice has to be made. In algebraic geometry and complex geometry the term "canonical" is discouraged, due to confusion with the canonical class, and the term "tautological" is preferred, as in tautological bundle.

Physical interpretation

The variables ${\displaystyle q_{i}}$ are meant to be understood as generalized coordinates, so that a point ${\displaystyle q\in Q}$ is a point in configuration space. The tangent space ${\displaystyle TQ}$ corresponds to velocities, so that if ${\displaystyle q}$ is moving along a path ${\displaystyle q(t)}$, the instantaneous velocity at ${\displaystyle t=0}$ corresponds a point

${\displaystyle \left.{\frac {dq(t)}{dt}}\right|_{t=0}={\dot {q}}\in TQ}$

on the tangent manifold ${\displaystyle TQ}$, for the given location of the system at point ${\displaystyle q\in Q}$. Velocities are appropriate for the Lagrangian formulation of classical mechanics, but in the Hamiltonian formulation, one works with momenta, and not velocities; the tautological one-form is a device that converts velocities into momenta.

That is, the tautological one-form assigns a numerical value to the momentum ${\displaystyle p}$ for each velocity ${\displaystyle {\dot {q}}}$, and more: it does so such that they point "in the same direction", and linearly, such that the magnitudes grow in proportion. It is called "tautological" precisely because, "of course", velocity and momenta are necessarily proportional to one-another. It is a kind of solder form, because it "glues" or "solders" each velocity to a corresponding momentum. The choice of gluing is unique; each momentum vector corresponds to only one velocity vector, by definition. The tautological one-form can be thought of as a device to convert from Lagrangian mechanics to Hamiltonian mechanics.

Coordinate-free definition

The tautological 1-form can also be defined rather abstractly as a form on phase space. Let ${\displaystyle Q}$ be a manifold and ${\displaystyle M=T^{*}Q}$ be the cotangent bundle or phase space. Let

${\displaystyle \pi :M\to Q}$

be the canonical fiber bundle projection, and let

${\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \pi :TM\to TQ}$

be the induced tangent map. Let ${\displaystyle m}$ be a point on ${\displaystyle M}$. Since ${\displaystyle M}$ is the cotangent bundle, we can understand ${\displaystyle m}$ to be a map of the tangent space at ${\displaystyle q=\pi (m)}$:

${\displaystyle m:T_{q}Q\to \mathbb {R} }$.

That is, we have that ${\displaystyle m}$ is in the fiber of ${\displaystyle q}$. The tautological one-form ${\displaystyle \theta _{m}}$ at point ${\displaystyle m}$ is then defined to be

${\displaystyle \theta _{m}=m\circ \mathrm {d} \pi _{m}}$.

It is a linear map

${\displaystyle \theta _{m}:T_{m}M\to \mathbb {R} }$

and so

${\displaystyle \theta :M\to T^{*}M}$.

Symplectic potential

The symplectic potential is generally defined a bit more freely, and also only defined locally: it is any one-form ${\displaystyle \phi }$ such that ${\displaystyle \omega =-d\phi }$; in effect, symplectic potentials differ from the canonical 1-form by a closed form.

Properties

The tautological one-form is the unique one-form that "cancels" pullback. That is, let ${\displaystyle \beta }$ be a 1-form on ${\displaystyle Q.}$ ${\displaystyle \beta }$ is a section ${\displaystyle \beta :Q\to T^{*}Q.}$ For an arbitrary 1-form ${\displaystyle \omega }$ on ${\displaystyle T^{*}Q,}$ the pullback of ${\displaystyle \omega }$ by ${\displaystyle \beta }$ is, by definition, ${\displaystyle \beta ^{*}\omega$ :=\omega \circ \beta _{*}.} Here, ${\displaystyle \beta _{*}:TQ\to TT^{*}Q}$ is the pushforward of ${\displaystyle \beta .}$ Like ${\displaystyle \beta ,}$ ${\displaystyle \beta ^{*}\omega }$ is a 1-form on ${\displaystyle Q.}$ The tautological one-form ${\displaystyle \theta }$ is the only form with the property that ${\displaystyle \beta ^{*}\theta =\beta ,}$ for every 1-form ${\displaystyle \beta }$ on ${\displaystyle Q.}$

Proof.

For a chart ${\displaystyle (\{q^{i}\}_{i=1}^{n},U)}$ on ${\displaystyle Q}$ (where ${\displaystyle U\subseteq \mathbb {R} ^{n}),}$ let ${\displaystyle \{p_{i},q^{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}}$ be the coordinates on ${\displaystyle T^{*}Q,}$ where the fiber coordinates ${\displaystyle \{p_{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}}$ are associated with the linear basis ${\displaystyle \{dq^{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}.}$ By assumption, for every ${\displaystyle {\mathbf {q} }=(q^{1},\ldots ,q^{n})\in U,}$ ${\displaystyle \beta ({\mathbf {q} })=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\beta _{i}(\mathbf {q} )\,dq^{i},}$ or ${\displaystyle \mathbf {q} =(q^{1},\ldots ,q^{n})\ {\stackrel {\beta }{\to }}\ (\underbrace {q^{1},\ldots ,q^{n}} _{\mathbf {q} },\underbrace {\beta _{1}(\mathbf {q} ),\ldots ,\beta _{n}(\mathbf {q} } _{\mathbf {p} })).}$ It follows that ${\displaystyle \beta _{*}\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial q^{i}}}{\Biggl |}_{\mathbf {q} }\right)={\frac {\partial }{\partial q^{i}}}{\Biggl |}_{\beta (\mathbf {q} )}+\sum _{j=1}^{n}{\frac {\partial \beta _{j}}{\partial q^{i}}}{\Biggl |}_{\mathbf {q} }\cdot {\frac {\partial }{\partial p_{j}}}{\Biggl |}_{\beta (\mathbf {q} )}}$ which implies that ${\displaystyle (\beta ^{*}\,dq^{i})\left({\partial /\partial q^{j}}\right)_{\mathbf {q} }=dq^{i}\left[\beta _{*}\left({\partial /\partial q^{j}}\right)_{\mathbf {q} }\right]=\delta _{ij}.}$ Step 1. We have ${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(\beta ^{*}\theta )\left(\partial /\partial q^{i}\right)_{\mathbf {q} }&=\theta \left(\beta _{*}\left(\partial /\partial q^{i}\right)_{\mathbf {q} }\right)=\left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}p_{j}dq^{j}\right)\left(\beta _{*}\left(\partial /\partial q^{i}\right)_{\mathbf {q} }\right)\\&=\beta _{i}(\mathbf {q} )=\beta \left(\partial /\partial q^{i}\right)_{\mathbf {q} }.\end{aligned}}}$ Step 1'. For completeness, we now give a coordinate-free prove that ${\displaystyle \beta ^{*}\theta =\beta ,}$ for any 1-form ${\displaystyle \beta .}$ Observe that, intuitively speaking, for every ${\displaystyle q\in Q}$ and ${\displaystyle p\in T_{q}Q,}$ the linear map ${\displaystyle d\pi _{(p,q)}}$ in the definition of ${\displaystyle \theta }$ projects the tangent space ${\displaystyle T_{(p,q)}T^{*}Q}$ onto its subspace ${\displaystyle T_{q}Q.}$ As a consequence, for every ${\displaystyle q\in Q}$ and ${\displaystyle v\in T_{q}Q,}$ ${\displaystyle d\pi _{\beta (q)}(\beta _{*q}v)=v,}$ where ${\displaystyle \beta _{*q}}$ is the instance of ${\displaystyle \beta _{*}}$ at the point ${\displaystyle q\in Q,}$ i.e. ${\displaystyle \beta _{*q}:T_{q}Q\to T_{\beta (q)}T^{*}Q.}$ Applying the coordinate-free definition of ${\displaystyle \theta }$ to ${\displaystyle \theta _{\beta (q)},}$ obtain ${\displaystyle (\beta ^{*}\theta )_{q}v=\theta _{\beta (q)}(\beta _{*q}v)=\beta (q)(d\pi _{\beta (q)}(\beta _{*q}v))=\beta (q)v.}$ Step 2. It is enough to show that ${\displaystyle \alpha =0}$ if ${\displaystyle \beta ^{*}\alpha =0,}$ for every one-form ${\displaystyle \beta .}$ Let ${\displaystyle \alpha =\sum _{i=1}^{n}\alpha _{q^{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )\,dq^{i}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}\alpha _{p_{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )\,dp_{i},}$ where ${\displaystyle \alpha _{p^{i}},\alpha _{q^{i}}\in C^{\infty }(\mathbb {R} ^{n}\times U,\mathbb {R} ).}$ Substituting ${\displaystyle v=\left(\partial /\partial q_{i}\right)_{\mathbf {q} }}$ into the identity ${\displaystyle \alpha (\beta _{*}v)=0}$ obtain ${\displaystyle \alpha (\partial /\partial q^{i})_{\beta (\mathbf {q} )}+\sum _{j=1}^{n}(\partial \beta _{j}/\partial q^{i})_{\mathbf {q} }\cdot \alpha (\partial /\partial p_{j})_{\beta (\mathbf {q} )}=0,}$ or equivalently, for any choice of ${\displaystyle n}$ functions ${\displaystyle p_{i}=\beta _{i}(\mathbf {q} ),}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha _{q^{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )+\sum _{j=1}^{n}\partial p_{j}/\partial q^{i}\cdot \alpha _{p_{j}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )=0.}$ Let ${\displaystyle \beta =\sum _{j=1}^{n}c_{j}dq^{j},}$ where ${\displaystyle c_{j}={\text{const}}.}$ In this case, ${\displaystyle \beta _{j}=c_{j}.}$ For every ${\displaystyle \mathbf {q} \in U}$ and ${\displaystyle c_{j}\in \mathbb {R} ,}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha _{q^{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} ){\bigl |}_{j=1\ldots n}^{p_{j}=c_{j}}=0.}$ This shows that ${\displaystyle \alpha _{q^{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )=0}$ on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\times U,}$ and the identity ${\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{n}\partial p_{j}/\partial q^{i}\cdot \alpha _{p_{j}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )=0}$ must hold for an arbitrary choice of functions ${\displaystyle p_{i}=\beta _{i}(\mathbf {q} ).}$ If ${\displaystyle \beta =\sum _{j=1}^{n}c_{j}q^{j}dq^{j}}$ (with ${\displaystyle {}^{j}}$ indicating superscript) then ${\displaystyle \beta _{j}=c_{j}q^{j},}$ and the identity becomes ${\displaystyle \alpha _{p_{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} ){\bigl |}_{j=1\ldots n}^{p_{j}=c_{j}q^{j}}=0,}$ for every ${\displaystyle \mathbf {q} \in U}$ and ${\displaystyle c_{j}\in \mathbb {R} .}$ Since ${\displaystyle c_{j}=p^{j}/q^{j},}$ we see that ${\displaystyle \alpha _{p_{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )=0,}$ as long as ${\displaystyle q^{j}\neq 0}$ for all ${\displaystyle j.}$ On the other hand, the function ${\displaystyle \alpha _{p_{i}}}$ is continuous, and hence ${\displaystyle \alpha _{p_{i}}(\mathbf {p} ,\mathbf {q} )=0}$ on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\times U.}$

So, by the commutation between the pull-back and the exterior derivative,

${\displaystyle \beta ^{*}\omega =-\beta ^{*}d\theta =-d(\beta ^{*}\theta )=-d\beta }$.

Action

If ${\displaystyle H}$ is a Hamiltonian on the cotangent bundle and ${\displaystyle X_{H}}$ is its Hamiltonian flow, then the corresponding action ${\displaystyle S}$ is given by

${\displaystyle S=\theta (X_{H})}$.

In more prosaic terms, the Hamiltonian flow represents the classical trajectory of a mechanical system obeying the Hamilton-Jacobi equations of motion. The Hamiltonian flow is the integral of the Hamiltonian vector field, and so one writes, using traditional notation for action-angle variables:

${\displaystyle S(E)=\sum _{i}\oint p_{i}\,dq^{i}}$

with the integral understood to be taken over the manifold defined by holding the energy ${\displaystyle E}$ constant: ${\displaystyle H=E={\text{const}}}$.

On metric spaces

If the manifold ${\displaystyle Q}$ has a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian metric ${\displaystyle g}$, then corresponding definitions can be made in terms of generalized coordinates. Specifically, if we take the metric to be a map

${\displaystyle g:TQ\to T^{*}Q}$,

then define

${\displaystyle \Theta =g^{*}\theta }$

and

${\displaystyle \Omega =-d\Theta =g^{*}\omega }$

In generalized coordinates ${\displaystyle (q^{1},\ldots ,q^{n},{\dot {q}}^{1},\ldots ,{\dot {q}}^{n})}$ on ${\displaystyle TQ}$, one has

${\displaystyle \Theta =\sum _{ij}g_{ij}{\dot {q}}^{i}dq^{j}}$

and

${\displaystyle \Omega =\sum _{ij}g_{ij}\;dq^{i}\wedge d{\dot {q}}^{j}+\sum _{ijk}{\frac {\partial g_{ij}}{\partial q^{k}}}\;{\dot {q}}^{i}\,dq^{j}\wedge dq^{k}}$

The metric allows one to define a unit-radius sphere in ${\displaystyle T^{*}Q}$. The canonical one-form restricted to this sphere forms a contact structure; the contact structure may be used to generate the geodesic flow for this metric.

References

• Ralph Abraham and Jerrold E. Marsden, Foundations of Mechanics, (1978) Benjamin-Cummings, London ISBN 0-8053-0102-X See section 3.2.