Tascodrugites

The Tascodrugites[lower-alpha 1] (Greek: Τασκοδρούγιται, Taskodrougitai;[lower-alpha 2] Latin Tascodrugitae, Tascodrugi) were a sect active in Galatia in the fourth and fifth centuries, and possibly as late as the ninth. Ancient sources present them variously as Gnostics or heterodox Christians.[2]

Name

The term Tascodrugites is a nickname referring to their custom during prayer to place a finger to the nose or mouth, at the same time observing the profoundest silence. The practice is attested in Epiphanios's Panarion, Augustine's De haeresibus and Philastrius's Diversarum haereseon liber.[2] Epiphanios derives the name from the non-Greek words τασκός, taskos, meaning "peg" (Greek πάσσαλος), and δρουγγός, droungos, meaning "snout" (Greek ῥύγχος).[4] He thus makes them identical with the sect called Passalorynchites.[2] Both names mean "peg-noses".[5] Christine Trevett translates it "nose-peggers" or "nose-gaggers";[6] Frank Williams as "nose-pickers";[lower-alpha 3] and Philip Amidon as "peg snouts".[7]

The roots taskos and droungos given by Epiphanius are the only attested Galatian words that are not personal or place names.[5][lower-alpha 4] They are of Celtic origin.[5] Joshua Katz suggests that the first element should be read as Celtic *tasko-, "badger", and the name of the sect as "badger-snouts".[4] Although there is consensus that the roots of Tascodrugites are Galatian,[3][4][5][8] Paul McKechnie consides them Phrygian.[9]

The name sometimes appears without the initial consonant.[lower-alpha 5] Jerome in his commentary on Galatians refers to them as Ascodrobi.[4] Philastrius calls them Ascodrugitae and a novel of the Emperor Theodosius II (31 January 438) call them Ascodrogi.[10][11] In Theodoret, they are the Ἀσκοδρούτοι, Askodroutoi, and in John of Damascus Ἀσκοδρούπιτοι, Askodroupitoi.[12][lower-alpha 6] Philastrius seems to confuse the Ascodrugitae with the Ascitae mentioned by Augustine. In a folk etymology, he connects their name to Greek ἀσκός, askos (wineskin).[3] Katz suggests a distant relationship to the Hittite word āšku-, meaning "mole".[4] In his view these phonologically similar words for badger and mole were widely borrowed as a pair into various languages, and sometimes used interchangeably since both referred to fossorial animals with long noses. In Galatian, the heretics could thus be referred to indiscriminately as "badger-noses" or "mole-noses".[3]

The Passalorynchites are mentioned by Philastrius (Passalorinchitae), Jerome and Augustine (Passalorynchitae), who proposes the alternative name Dactylorynchitae from Greek δάκτυλος, daktulos, finger.[3]

History

Theodoret says that the Tascodrugites ridiculed the sacraments (refusing baptism), rejected the creeds and repudiated all divine revelation, including the Bible. He describes them as Gnostics—believing in knowledge as the only means of salvation—and connects them to the Marcosians. Epiphanios, on the other hand, considered them a branch of Montanism. They were sometimes charged with denying the incarnation of Christ.[2][12] Jerome lists the Tascodrugites and Passalorynchites side by side, but the terms are synonymous. He lists them with the Artotyrites as examples of heresies that are mere names to his readers but "monstrosities rather than mere names in another part of the Roman world".[13]

The Theodosian Code of 438 preserves two laws condemning the "Tascodrogitae".[10] The first was issued by the Emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I on 20 June 383 at Constantinople. It forbids the Tascodrugites from assembling, but clarifies that they "shall by no means be evicted from their own habitations".[1] The second was issued by Emperors Theodosius II and Valentinian III on 30 May 428. This law lists the Tascodrugites among those sects who were prohibited "the means of assembling anywhere on Roman soil".[10]

Timothy of Constantinople, writing around 600, included the Tascodrugites in his list of heretics. They were placed in the worst of three classes of heretics, those requiring baptism and unction to enter the church.[14] Although Timothy includes many extinct heresies in his work, the Tascodrugites are also mentioned in the ninth century by Theodore the Studite, whose list is limited to more active heresies.[2][14]

Notes

1. Also anglicized Tascodrogians or Ascodrogians.[1]
2. The Greek spelling Τασκοδρούγγιται, Taskodroungitai, is sometimes encountered in modern sources,[2] but is not attested.[3]
3. Katz objects to "nose-pickers".[3]
4. There is one other attested Galatian word (ὗς, hus, "kermes oak"), but as it is not of Celtic origin it is a borrowing into Galatian.[8]
5. For an overview of the primary sources and the variant names, see Holder 1904, cols. 1745–1748.
6. Katz gives Theodoret's spelling as Ἀσκοδρούπιται, Askodroupitai.[3]

1. Pharr 1952, p. 452.
2. Strong & McClintock 1891.
3. Katz 2002, p. 298–299.
4. Katz 1998, p. 69 n19.
5. Cain 2010, p. 134 n31.
6. Trevett 1995, p. 258.
7. Amidon 1990, p. 172.
8. Eska 2006.
9. McKechnie 2019, p. 9.
10. Flower 2013, pp. 185–187.
11. Pharr 1952, p. 490.
12. Aune 1972, p. 212.
13. Cain 2010, p. 134.
14. Lieu 1999, pp. 211–212.

Bibliography

• Amidon, Philip R., ed. (1990). The Panarion of St. Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis: Selected Passages. Oxford University Press.
• Aune, David Edward (1972). "The Phenomenon of Early Christian 'Anti-Sacramentalism'". In D. E. Aune (ed.). Studies in New Testament and Early Christian Literature: Essays in Honor of Allen P. Wikgren. Leiden: Brill. pp. 194–214.
• Eska, Joseph (2006). "Galatian language". In John T. Koch (ed.). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 788.
• Cain, Andrew, ed. (2010). St. Jerome: Commentary on Galatians. Catholic University of America Press.
• Flower, Richard (2013). "'The Insanity of Heretics Must Be Restrained': Heresiology in the Theodosian Code". In Christopher Kelly (ed.). Theodosius II: Rethinking the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. pp. 172–194.
• Holder, Alfred (1904). Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz. Vol. 2. Teubner.
• Hort, Fenton J. A. (1877). "Ascodrugitae". In William Smith; Henry Wace (eds.). A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines. Vol. 1. Murray. pp. 175–176.
• Katz, Joshua T. (1998). "Hittite tašku- and the Indo-European Word for 'Badger'". Historische Sprachforschung. 111 (1): 61–82. JSTOR 41288957.
• Katz, Joshua T. (2002). "How the Mole and Mongoose Got Their Names: Sanskrit ākhú- and nakulá". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 122 (2): 296–310. JSTOR 3087624.
• Koch, John T. (1992). "Gallo-Brittonic Tasc(i)ouanos 'Badger-slayer' and the Reflex of Indo-European g^wh". Journal of Celtic Linguistics. 1: 101–118.
• Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1999). Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill.
• McKechnie, Paul (2019). Christianizing Asia Minor: Conversion, Communities, and Social Change in the Pre-Constantinian Era. Cambridge University Press.
• Pharr, Clyde, ed. (1952). The Theodosian Code and Novels, and the Sirmondian Constitutions. Princeton University Press.
• Pilch, John J. (2002). "The Nose and Altered States of Consciousness: Tascodrugites and Ezekiel". HTS Teologiese Studies. 58 (2): 708–720. Also published in Flights of the Soul: Visions, Heavenly Journeys, and Peak Experiences in the Biblical World (W. B. Eerdmans, 2011), pp. 17–29.
• Strong, James; McClintock, John, eds. (1891). "Tascodrugites". The Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. Vol. 10. New York: Haper and Brothers. p. 222.
• Tabbernee, William (2007). Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments: Ecclesiastical and Imperial Reactions to Montanism. Brill.
• Trevett, Christine (1995). "Fingers up Noses and Pricking with Needles: Possible Reminiscences of Revelation in Later Montanism". Vigiliae Christianae. 49 (3): 258–269. JSTOR 1584198.
• Trevett, Christine (1996). Montanism: Gender, Authority and the New Prophecy. Cambridge University Press.
• Williams, Frank, ed. (2013). The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: Books II and III. De Fide (2nd rev. ed.). Brill.