Tamna

The state of Tamna or Tamna-guk was a kingdom that ruled Jeju Island from ancient times until it was conquered and officially annexed by the Korean Joseon dynasty in 1404. This kingdom is also sometimes known as Tangna (탕나), Seomna (섬나), and Tammora. All of these names mean "island country" in the Jeju language.[1][2]

This article is about a historical state on Jeju Island. For the town in Burma, see Tamna, Burma. For the commune in Romania, see Tâmna.
Tamna

탐라국 (耽羅國)
––1404
StatusSovereign state
(?–498, 925–938)

Tributary state of Baekje
(498–660)
Tributary state of Silla
(662–925)
Vassal state of Goryeo
(938–1105)
Local autonomy administration of Korea
(1105–1404)
Local autonomous administration of Yuan dynasty
(1273–1356)
CapitalTamna
Common languagesJeju,
Old Korean,
Middle Korean
Middle Chinese
Religion
Buddhism, Confucianism, Shamanism
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Establishment
–
• Annexed into the Joseon Kingdom
1404
Area
1,826 km2 (705 sq mi)
Succeeded by
Joseon
Tamna
Hangul
Hanja
Revised RomanizationTamna-guk
McCune–ReischauerT'amna-guk

Legends of founding
Main article: Samseong mythology

As the kingdom was founded during pre-literary history, there is no discovered historical record of the founding or early history of Tamna. One legend tells that the three divine founders of the country—Go (고), Yang (양), and Bu (부)—emerged from three holes in the ground in the 24th century BC. These holes, known as the Samseonghyeol (삼성혈), are still preserved in Jeju City.[3][4]

According to legend, after Yang Eulna (양을나/楊乙那)[5] came to Jeju Island, a semi-mythical box washed up on the shore of the island. Yang Ul-la searched in the box and found three women, horses, cows, and agricultural seeds such as rice, corn, grain, millet, barley, and bamboo. From these beginnings, the three men established the kingdom of Tamna. He is regarded as the legendary ancestor of Yang Tang, the founder of the Jeju Yang bon-gwan.[6][7]

Historical and archaeological records

However, there are archaeological evidence indicates that the people of Tamna were engaging in active trade with other Asian countries such as Han Dynasty China, Yayoi Japan, the Kingdom of Singapore, the Srivijaya Empire, the Tamil Chola dynasty, as well as mainland Korea, as early as the 1st century AD up until its dissolution. The first historical reference to the kingdom may come in the 3rd century AD, in the chronicle of the Chinese Three Kingdoms period called the Sanguozhi. The Sanguozhi reports a strange people living on a large island near Korea, which it calls Juho (州胡, Late Han Chinese tɕu-ga, literally "island barbarians").[8] These people, who had a distinctive language and culture, engaged in trade with the Mahan people of the mainland. However, the identity of Juho with Tamna has been disputed by authorities such as the North Korean scholar Lee Ch'i-rin (이지린), who claims that Juho was a small island in the Yellow Sea. Tamna is pronounced Dānluó (Wade-Giles: Tan1-luo2) in Standard Mandarin Chinese.

In 476, according to the Samguk Sagi, Tamna entered into a tributary relationship with Baekje, which controlled the southwestern Korean peninsula as Tamna gave military aide with some sort of money, and enjoyed strong ties with Japan. It was thus a natural partner for Tamna. As Baekje waned, Tamna turned to Silla instead. At some point near the end of the Three Kingdoms period, Tamna officially subjugated itself to Silla. Silla then conferred on the three princes of Tamna the titles which they would hold for the remainder of the kingdom's history: Seongju (성주, 星主), Wangja (왕자, 王子), and Donae (도내, 都內). Some sources indicate that this took place during the reign of King Munmu of Silla in the late 7th century AD.

Tamna briefly reclaimed its independence after the fall of Silla in 935. However, it was subjugated by the Goryeo Dynasty in 938, and officially annexed in 1105. However, the kingdom maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejong of Joseon placed it under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end. One interesting event that took place during these later years of Tamna was the Sambyeolcho Rebellion, which came to a bloody end on Jeju Island in 1274.

Alexander Vovin (2013)[9] notes that the old name for Jeju Island is tammura, which can be analyzed in Japanese as tani mura たにむら (谷村 'valley settlement') or tami mura たみむら (民村 'people's settlement'). Thus, Vovin concluded that Japonic languages could have possibly be present on Jeju Island before being replaced by Koreanic speakers sometime before its ultimate annexation into Joseon.

Sovereigns and governors of Tamna

The Go clan is the family name of the kings that ruled Tamna, and the first king was one of the three who emerged from the ground. The clan also became the future kings and governors of Tamna. Today, there exists some inhabitants on Jeju island with the surname "Go", possibly being descendants of the clan.

# Name Period of reign
Westernized Hangul/Hanja
1 Go Eulla 고을라왕 (高乙那王) 2337 BCE–2206 BCE
2 Geon 건왕 (建王) 2206 BCE–1767 BCE
3 Samgye 삼계왕 (三繼王) 1767 BCE–1123 BCE
4 Ilmang 일망왕 (日望王) 1123 BCE–935 BCE
5 Doje 도제왕 (島濟王) 935 BCE–771 BCE
6 Eon-gyeong 언경왕 (彦卿王) 771 BCE–619 BCE
7 Bomyeong 보명왕 (寶明王) 610 BCE–520 BCE
8 Haengcheon 행천왕 (幸天王) 520 BCE–426 BCE
9 Hwan 환왕 (歡王) 426 BCE–315 BCE
10 Sik 식왕 (湜王) 315 BCE–247 BCE
11 Uk 욱왕 (煜王) 247 BCE–207 BCE
12 Hwang 황왕 (惶王) 207 BCE–157 BCE
13 Wi 위왕 (偉王) 157 BCE–105 BCE
14 Yeong 영왕 (榮王) 105 BCE–58 BCE
15 Hu 후왕 (厚王) 58 BCE–7 BCE
16 Dumyeong 두명왕 (斗明王) 7 BCE–43
17 Seonju 선주왕 (善主王) 43–93
18 Jinam 지남왕 (知南王) 93–144
19 Seongbang 성방왕 (聖邦王) 144–195
20 Munseong 문성왕 (文星王) 195–243
21 Ik 익왕 (翼王) 243–293
22 Jihyo 지효왕 (之孝王) 293–343
23 Suk 숙왕 (淑王) 343–393
24 Hyeonbang 현방왕 (賢方王) 393–423
25 Gi 기왕 (璣王) 423–453
26 Dam 담왕 (聃王) 453–483
27 Jiun 지운왕 (指雲王) 483–508
28 Seo 서왕 (瑞王) 508–533
29 Damyeong 다명왕 (多鳴王) 533–558
30 Dam 담왕 (談王) 558–583
31 Cheseam 체삼왕 (體參王) 583–608
32 Seongjin 성진왕 (聲振王) 608–633
33 Hong 홍왕 (鴻王) 633–658
34 Cheoryang 처량왕 (處良王) 658–683
35 Won 원왕 (遠王) 683–708
36 Pyoryun 표륜왕 (表倫王) 708–733
37 Hyeong 형왕 (逈王) 733–758
38 Chido 치도왕 (致道王) 758–783
39 Uk 욱왕 (勖王) 783–808
40 Cheonwon 천원왕 (天元王) 808–833
41 Hogong 호공왕 (好恭王) 833–858
42 So 소왕 (昭王) 858–883
43 Gyeongjik 경직왕 (敬直王) 883–908
44 Min 민왕 (岷王) 908–933
45 Jagyeon 자견왕 (自堅王) 933–938
Governors of TamnaHangulHanja
Go Jagyeon고자견高自堅
Go Mallo고말로高末老
Go Yu고유高維
Go Jogi고조기髙兆基
Go Jeongik고정익髙挺益
Go Jeok고적髙適
Go Yeorim고여림髙汝霖
Go Jeongan고정간髙貞幹
Go Sun고순髙巡
Go Boksu고복수髙福壽
Go Indan고인단髙仁旦
Go Sujwa고수좌髙秀佐
Go Seok고석髙碩
Go Sunryang고순량髙順良
Go Sunwon고순원髙順元
Go Myeongeol고명걸髙明傑
Go Singeol고신걸髙臣傑
Go Bong-ye고봉예高鳳禮

See also

References
  1. Book of Sui
  2. 太平御覽, part 四夷部二·東夷二, section 百濟
  3. "Jeju (Cheju) Island Travel Information: Samseonghyeol". Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  4. Lee, Peter H.; de Bary, William Theodore: Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume I: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth CenturyNew York: Columbia University Press(1997), ISBN 978-0-231-10567-5.
  5. http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/dirSer/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOc_A1767_1_0021461, retrieved 19 July 2020
  6. Il-yeon: Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea, translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz. Book Two. Silk Pagoda (2006). ISBN 1-59654-348-5
  7. "Jeju Special Autonomous Province". Archived from the original on 26 September 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  8. Schuessler, Axel. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
  9. Vovin, Alexander. 2013. ‘From Koguryǒ to T’amna: Slowly Riding South with the Speakers of Proto-Korean.’ Korean Linguistics, 15.2: 222-40.
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