Taiari / Chalky Inlet

Taiari / Chalky Inlet is one of the southernmost fiords in Fiordland, in the southwestern corner of New Zealand's South Island and part of Fiordland National Park.

Taiari / Chalky Inlet
Wreck of the GSS Stella Northport in Chalky Inlet
Taiari / Chalky Inlet
Location in New Zealand
LocationTasman Sea
Coordinates45.9801°S 166.6341°E / -45.9801; 166.6341
Native nameTaiari
River sourcesLumaluma Creek, Carrick River, Kohe Creek, Shallow Creek
Catchment area515 square kilometres (199 sq mi)[1]
Basin countriesNew Zealand
Max. length27.7 kilometres (17.2 mi)[1]
Max. width2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi)[1]
Surface area110 square kilometres (42 sq mi)[1]
Average depth374 square kilometres (144 sq mi)[1]
IslandsChalky Island, Great Island, Little Island, Motutawaki, Small Craft Harbour Islands, Garden Islands
Sections/sub-basinsMoana-whenua-pōuri / Edwardson Sound, Te Korowhakaunu / Cunaris Sound, Eastern Passage, Western Passage, Return Channel

Geography
Great Island, near the entrance to Taiari / Chalky Inlet

The geography of Taiari / Chalky Inlet is complex, as it is for the neighbouring fiord complexes of Tamatea / Dusky Sound to the north and Rakituma / Preservation Inlet to the south. There are two main entrances to the fiord from the Tasman Sea, separated by a string of islands – the Eastern Passage, which continues in a northerly direction into the main channel of Taiari / Chalky Inlet, and the Western Passage, which is connected to the eastern and main channel via a number of passages between islands. These include Bad Passage (separating Chalky Island and Motutawaki), Return Channel (separating Motutawaki and Great Island), and North Port (separating Great Island from the South Island mainland).[2]

Islands of varying sizes are found in the sound, including those at the entrance, which separate the Eastern and Western passages. Chalky Island (or Te Kākahu-o-Tamatea, so named as it was said to be the location where the explorer Tamatea laid down his cloak, or kākahu, to dry) is the most seaward of these, with both the island and the sound owing their English names to the white cliffs found on the island's seaward southern edge.[3] Further from the sea are the Passage Islands, the largest of which is known as Motutawaki, from the Māori words motu for 'island' and tawaki, referring generally to large penguins such as the Fiordland crested penguin.[4] Further still from the mouth of the fiord is Great Island, or Ōteauau, the largest island in the complex at 7.36 square kilometres (2.84 sq mi). Great Island contains two small lakes – Lakes Dobson and Esau – and reaches a height of 185 metres (607 ft) above sea level. Although it is less than 300 metres (980 ft) from the South Island mainland, the island is free of possums and is the site of multiple pest control initiatives to prevent pests from accessing other islands via Great Island.[5] Little Island sits in the narrow channel between Great Island and the South Island. Beyond this primary chain of islands, there is a small group of islands known as the Small Craft Harbour islands, located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the fiord's mouth, near its divergence into two separate fiords. Closer to the mouth, the Garden islands are another small group, located on the eastern edge of the fiord, at the entrance to South Port.

Approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the fiord's mouth, the fiord splits in two. Moana-whenua-pōuri / Edwardson Sound continues the roughly north–south orientation of the main length of Taiari, whilst Te Korowhakaunu / Cunaris Sound runs roughly perpendicular to this in an east–west orientation. The head between these two fiords, on the northern edge of Te Korowhakaunu and the eastern edge of Moana-whenua-pōuri, is known as Divide Head in English, and Te Tapuwae-o-Māui (the footstep of Māui) in Māori.[2] This name, as well as others in the area (such as Te Rereka-o-Māui to describe the hills behind Divide Head), refers to the Māori creation myth for the fiord. In this, the demigod Māui is said to have leapt ashore at Te Tapuwae-o-Māui (representing his footprint, while Te Rereka-o-Māui is his leap), where he slipped over. In one account, his extended arms created both Te Korowhakaunu and Moana-whenua-pōuri, while in another Te Korowhakaunu already existed and the mud and water kicked up when Māui's foot slipped created Moana-whenua-pōuri.[6]

Te Korowhakaunu / Cunaris Sound

The main length of Te Korowhakaunu / Cunaris Sound extends for 10.3 kilometres (6.4 mi) from its head at the Dark Cloud Range, in a roughly westerly direction towards the main channel of Taiari / Chalky Inlet. The fiord is slightly shallower than the main channel of Taiari, reaching a maximum depth of 323 metres (1,060 ft) compared to 374 metres (1,227 ft) for the main fiord.

At its head, the fiord is split into two smaller coves, separated by the aptly-named Two Cove Head. The northernmost of these, Islet Cove, is fed by the Carrick River, one of the largest inflows into the entire complex. The other cove, Cliff Cove, does not have any inflows of the same degree. However, the cove marks the closest point between the Chalky Inlet complex and that of neighbouring Rakituma / Preservation Inlet, at just over 500 metres from Te Awaroa / Long Sound. The isthmus between the two fiords constitutes part of the Dark Cloud Range, which extends seaward to form the southern side of Te Korowhakaunu / Cunaris Sound and the eastern edge of Taiari / Chalky Inlet. This peninsula reaches a maximum height of 1,043 metres (3,422 ft) at Treble Mountain, and was formerly given a name of French origin—Presqu'île Bréauté—by an 1826 French expedition, however this name quickly fell into disuse.[7] The name Cunaris Sound may also stem from this expedition, as it is believed to be derived from the plural of the French name for the canary, canaris, in reference to the songbirds and mōhua (yellowheads) prevalent in the area at the time.[8]

To the north of Cunaris Sound lie two hill formations, separated by a small glacial valley. These constitute the Tower Hills on the east and Te Rereka-o-Māui on the west, and consist of primarily schist and greywacke, with small portions of gneiss.

Moana-whenua-pōuri / Edwardson Sound

The hills that constitute the northern edge of Cunaris Sound also form the eastern edge of Moana-whenua-pōuri / Edwardson Sound. This fiord continues the north–south orientation of the majority of Taiari, beginning roughly 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from its junction with Te Korowhakaunu. Opposite the fiord from Te Rereka-o-Māui, the Kakapo Range continues roughly parallel to the fiord for much of its length with a maximum height of 1,130 metres (3,710 ft) at The Stopper.

The northern limit of the fiord consists of a small sheltered cove known as Lake Cove, into which the two primary tributaries of this branch flow. To the east of the cove, Cora Lynn Falls drain the outflow from a series of lakes (from upstream to downstream, lakes Purser, Carrick, and Cadman) that extend towards Tamatea / Dusky Sound. The second inflow into Lake Cove is Lumaluma Creek, which drains a large catchment area including multiple small tarns.[2] Numerous small creeks flow along both edges of the fiord, although these are largely dependent on rainfall.

Moana-whenua-pōuri is significantly shallower than either Chalky Inlet or Cunaris Sound. Unlike many of the other fiords in the region, including the others in the Taiari complex, this fiord gets progressively shallower from its mouth, with no basins to speak of. The upper reaches of the fiord are as shallow as 60 metres (200 ft), a depth equal to only the sill depth of Eastern Passage.[9]

History

Not much is known about Māori habitation of Fiordland prior to the arrival of Europeans. The conditions in Fiordland were not hospitable to ongoing habitation, although expeditions for exploration, hunting, and gathering of resources such as pounamu took place soon after the arrival of Māori in New Zealand, roughly 800 years ago. More permanent occupation took place in the 18th century, when remnants of the iwi (tribe) Kāti Māmoe fled into the area following a Ngāi Tahu conquest of the South Island. Two battles are said to have taken place in neighbouring Rakituma / Preservation Inlet around 1780 between the iwi, indicating the extent to which Kāti Māmoe were pursued.[10] Evidence of Māori habitation in the fiords is noted by many European explorers from this point, indicating that occupation may have become permanent for a period.

Captain James Cook was the first European to see Taiari / Chalky Inlet during the second voyage in 1773, naming both it and Chalky Island after the white cliffs on the island's seaward side. Cook did not enter the fiord, owing to the poor weather conditions, and sailed past en route to Tamatea / Dusky Sound.[7] The first Europeans known to have entered and explored the complex came in 1813, when the cutter Snapper entered the fiord and established a camp for a number of months. The crew of the Cutter made camp in the upper reaches of Edwardson Sound, which they so named after the ship's captain, Captain Edwardson.[11] After a stay of a few months, the Cutter left to continue its mission of maintaining supply depots around the region. Upon its return in 1820, Edwardson's account described the environment around Lake Cove and the changes which he witnessed from his first experience. The cove, which had been a lagoon impossible to enter by ship on their first visit due to dangerous tides and silt, had opened up into a deep harbour large enough to hold a whaling ship, with two large river inflows instead of one.[11]

Notes from Edwardson's visits were incorporated into a comprehensive account of the region by Jules de Blosseville, part of an 1826 French expedition. The French expedition named a number of features, although the majority of these have since been replaced by English or Māori names. These include Presqu'île le Chevalier at the northern edge of Western passage (now Cape Providence) and Presqu'île Bréauté (now the Treble Mountain peninsula). Other names, such as Cunaris Sound or Puysegur Point (in neighbouring Preservation Inlet) have been adapted from the French names from this expedition.[7]

View of Taiari / Chalky Inlet, 1874, by Alfred Burton

From this point, European activity in the region came in waves, due in equal parts to economic and scientific endeavours. Sealers and whalers frequented the Fiordland coast throughout the 1820s and 1830s, although this came to a quick end by the end of the 1830s due to severe depletion of the seal and whale populations making the activities uneconomic.[10] The area was surveyed again around 1850 by the HMS Acheron under Captain John Lort Stokes. One of the first accounts of the geological composition of the region was made by the ship's surgeon, who noted the occurrence of pink granite and the presence of coal. Further expeditions by other Europeans into the 1860s and 1870s built on this work, identifying with greater detail the distribution of potentially valuable resources within the region. This culminated in a brief gold rush and attempt at permanent settlement in Rakituma / Preservation Inlet during the 1880s, however despite reports of similar deposits in the headwaters of Taiari / Chalky Inlet, the activity did not spread and quickly dissipated.[7]

At the same time as these numerous sea-based voyages into the fiords, attempts at land-based expeditions were also undertaken. The most prevalent of these was that of Alfred Henry Burton, a Dunedin-based photographer and part of the Burton Brothers photographic studio. Burton travelled extensively within Fiordland (as well as the rest of New Zealand) and made several trips during his career by both land (on horseback) and sea. His photographs of the unspoilt environment contributed to the campaign to establish the area as a National Park, which was eventually established as a "National reserve" in 1904.[12][13]

Since this, Taiari / Chalky Inlet has been largely untouched. Its isolation has prevented the development seen in fiords further north, such as Milford Sound / Piopiotahi or Doubtful Sound / Patea. There is no land route to the fiord, even by foot, so human interaction is limited to sea or occasionally air access.[14] Efforts have also been made in recent years to restore the cultural history of Māori within Fiordland. This culminated in 2019 with the renaming of multiple fiords to dual names, including the renaming of Chalky Inlet to the dual Taiari / Chalky Inlet.[15]

Ecology

Despite Taiari / Chalky Inlet's remote location, it did not escape the ecological impact of human settlement. The area's bird life has been significantly impacted by the introduction of pests, such as stoats, rats and possums. Species that were previously present in such numbers that they lent their names to geographic features, such as the kākāpō (for Kakapo Range), mōhua (for Cunaris Sound), and the Fiordland crested penguin (for Motutawaki), have either greatly declined in numbers or died out entirely in the area, while the marine mammal population of seals and whales that led to an influx of Europeans also suffered huge losses.

In the years since human interaction shifted from primarily economic to scientific and environmental, efforts have been made to restore the environment and reduce the impact of human settlement. A 1977 study identified a number of invasive species to remove from the area, including noting the impact of deer on the area.[16] Invasive species remain a threat to the fiord complex, with the invasive seaweed Undaria discovered in 2019.[17]

Pest control efforts on the islands in Taiari / Chalky Inlet have led to the eradication of pests from Great Island, the Passage Islands (including Motutawaki) and Chalky Island, with the latter three having been declared predator free since 1999. This has allowed the islands to become a sanctuary for many native species which have been reintroduced to the area since 2002, including the mōhua, orange-fronted kākāriki, little spotted kiwi, and tīeke.[18] Chalky Island is also home to the Te Kakahu skink, an endemic skink discovered in 2002 and confirmed as a separate species in 2011. The fiord also contains evidence of multiple petrel colonies, like many other fiords in the area.[19]

See also

References
  1. Stanton, B. R.; Pickard, G. L. (1981). Physical Oceanography of the New Zealand Fiords (PDF). Wellington: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. p. 14. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  2. "Taiari / Chalky Inlet, Southland". NZ Topo Map. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  3. "Customary Use | Fiordland Marine Guardians". www.fmg.org.nz. Archived from the original on 23 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  4. "Cultural Atlas – Motutawaki". Kā Huru Manu. Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  5. "Project implementation: Fiordland Island restoration programme". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  6. "Cultural Atlas – Moana-whenua-pōuri". Kā Huru Manu. Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  7. Benson, W. N. (8 October 1932). "The Geology of the Region about Preservation and Chalky Inlets, South-west Fiordland, New Zealand". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand: 393–432. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  8. Foster, Alan. "Sounds Complicated". New Zealand Geographic. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  9. Stanton, B. R.; Pickard, G. L. (1981). Physical Oceanography of the New Zealand Fiords (PDF). Wellington: New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. p. 18. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  10. "Fiordland Fiordland History". www.fiordlandnz.com. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  11. Carrick, Ro. (1903). "Chalky Inlet". Historical Records of New Zealand South. Dunedin: The Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers Company Limited. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  12. "The Burton Brothers". collections.tepapa.govt.nz. Museum of New Zealand / Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  13. "First step in creation of Fiordland National Park | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  14. "Preservation Inlet Discovery Expeditions". www.realjourneys.co.nz. RealJourneys. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  15. "NZGB notices – October 2019". Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  16. Johnson, P. N. "Report on vegetation at beaches in Chalky and Preservation Inlets". digitallibrary.landcareresearch.co.nz. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  17. Edge, Kerri-Anne. "Undaria in Taiari Chalky Inlet". www.fmg.org.nz. Fiordland Marine Guardians. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  18. "Chalky Island conservation". www.doc.govt.nz. Department of Conservation. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
  19. "Researchers surprised by petrel numbers on 'refuge' islands". Predator Free NZ. 30 January 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
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