Túngara frog

The túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus) is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae.[2]

Túngara frog
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Leptodactylidae
Genus: Engystomops
Species:
E. pustulosus
Binomial name
Engystomops pustulosus
(Cope, 1864)
Synonyms
  • Physalaemus pustulosus (Cope, 1864)

It is found from Mexico and throughout Central America and into northern South America as far east as Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and possibly Guyana. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, pastureland, heavily degraded former forest, ponds, and canals and ditches.[1]

Description

Engystomops pustulosus is a small species of terrestrial frog growing to a length of between 25 and 35 mm (1.0 and 1.4 in).[3]

Ecology

Engystomops pustulosus is nocturnal, emerging at night to feed on ants and termites and other small invertebrates among the plant litter on the ground. During the breeding season, the males group together at night at temporary pools and call to attract mates. When a female chooses one of the males, amplexus occurs at the edge of the water and the male creates a foam nest in which the eggs are laid; the tadpoles develop in the water and undergo metamorphosis into juvenile frogs in about four weeks.[3]

Breeding

Female frogs choose a mate based on the attractiveness of a male's call. The females are able to recognize the species of the calling male[4] and will preferentially choose to mate with males of the same species. Female preference within the species is based on complexity of call. Males produce a call that consists of a whine, and can also add up to seven short chuck sounds to their mating call. A call consisting of both a whine and a chuck is considered a complex call. The chuck portion of the call is produced by vibrations of a fibrous mass suspended near the frog's larynx, with larger masses allowing production of more chucks per whine.

Females usually prefer complex mating calls (whine and chucks) to simple ones.[5] One study found that females will choose a simple call from a member of their own species rather than a complex call from a foreign or different species.[4] Females prefer the mating call of frogs who produce chucks with lower frequencies. One explanation for this preference is that lower frequency calls are found in males of larger body size, which usually correlates with a higher rate of fertilization.[6] If a female finds a male's call attractive, she will use the call, as well as ripples in the water caused by the its production, to locate her new mate.

Natural selection plays a role in the varying complexity of a male's advertisement call. Parasites and predators – such as the fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus) – are able to recognize species of frogs based on their mating calls. Like females, these predators prefer complex calls and will use them to locate and prey upon male túngara frogs; thus, males have been found to alternate between complex and simple calls depending on the situation.[6] Males produce complex calls more often when there are other calling males nearby, forming what is known as a chorus. Males that use such calling strategies such are able to maximize the possibility of finding a mate and minimize predation risk.[7]

When mating, the male frog centers himself atop the female to do rhythmic mixing of a foam-producing solvent released by the female to generate a floating foam nest.[8] The nests are resistant bio-foams that protect the fertilized eggs from dehydration, sunlight, temperature, and potential pathogens until the tadpoles hatch. After about four days, the tadpoles leave and the nest degrades but otherwise can last for up to two weeks.

The foam is made up of a mixture of novel proteins (ranaspumins) with unusual surfactant and carbohydrate binding properties that are thought to contribute to the formation and stabilization of the nest structure, resisting dehydration, predation and microbial degradation, whilst being compatible with developing eggs and embryos.[9][10] One of the proteins present in the foam (ranaspumin-2) has been used by Carlos Montemagno, David Wendell, and Jacob Todd to create an artificial photosynthetic foam. Unlike chemical detergents the protein does not disrupt cell membranes allowing photosynthetic proteins to be positioned in the foam.[11] This new method for producing biofuel won a 2011 Earth Award.

Behavior

It has been reported that the frog may have a mutualistic relationship with tarantulas of the genus Aphonopelma in Mexico. As observed in microhylid frog Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata and tarantula Xenesthis immanis, the spider may protect the frog from predators while the frog protects the spider's eggs from ants, an interaction that may occur with other microhylids as well as the Túngara frog, which is a leptodactyloid.[12]

References
  1. Santos-Barrera, G.; et al. (2010). "Engystomops pustulosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Engystomops pustulosus (Cope, 1864)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  3. Leigh, Egbert Giles (1999). Tropical Forest Ecology: A View from Barro Colorado Island. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-509603-3.
  4. Ryan, Michael, and Monica Guerra. (2014). The Mechanism of Sound Production in Tungara Frogs and Its Role in Sexual Selection and Speciation. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28: 54-59.
  5. Ryan, MJ. 1985. The túngara frog: a study in sexual selection and communication. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  6. Page, R.A., Bernal, X.E. 2006. Túngara frogs. Current Biology. 23:R979-980
  7. Baugh, A.T, Ryan, M.J. 2010. The relative value of call embellishment in túngara frogs. Behavioral Ecological Sociobiology. 65:359-367.
  8. Dalgetty L. and M. W. Kennedy. (2010). Building a home from foam - túngara frog foam nest architecture and three-phase construction process. Biol. Lett. 6(3) 293-296.
  9. Alan Cooper & Malcolm W. Kennedy, Biofoams and natural protein surfactants, 2010, Biophysical Chemistry, 151: 96-104. doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2010.06.006
  10. Fleming, R. I., C. D. Mackenzie, A. Cooper, and M. W. Kennedy. 2009. Foam nest components of the túngara frog: a cocktail of proteins conferring physical and biological resilience. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: 1787-1795
  11. Wendell, D.; Todd, J.; Montemagno, C. (2010). "Artificial photosynthesis in ranaspumin-2 based foam". Nano Letters. 10 (9): 3231–3236. Bibcode:2010NanoL..10.3231W. doi:10.1021/nl100550k. PMID 20205454. Free version Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Naish, Darren. "Tiny Frogs and Giant Spiders: Best of Friends". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2020-05-02.
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