Synbranchus marmoratus

Synbranchus marmoratus, the marbled swamp eel, neotropical swamp eel, marmorated swamp eel, mottled swamp eel, zange, or muçum is a species of swamp eel native to Central and South America, including the island of Trinidad.

Synbranchus marmoratus
Marbled swamp eel
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Synbranchiformes
Family:	Synbranchidae
Genus:	Synbranchus
Species:	S. marmoratus
Binomial name
Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795[1]
Synonyms
Falconeria aptera Larrañaga, 1923 Falconeria pinnata Larrañaga, 1923 Symbranchus doringii Weyenbergh, 1877 Symbranchus hieronymi Weyenbergh, 1877 Symbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 (misspelling) Symbranchus tigrinus Weyenbergh, 1877 Synbranchus doringii Weyenbergh, 1877 Synbranchus fuliginosus Ranzani, 1840 Synbranchus hieronymi Weyenbergh, 1877 Synbranchus immaculatus Bloch, 1795 Synbranchus mercedarius Weyenbergh, 1877 Synbranchus pardalis Valenciennes, 1836 Synbranchus tigrinus Weyenbergh, 1877 Synbranchus vittatus Castelnau, 1855 Unibranchapertura lineata Lacepède, 1803

Description

The marbled swamp eel has an elongated cylindrical body and can grow to a maximum length of about 150 cm (60 in), although a more normal adult length is 50 cm (20 in). The dorsal and anal fins are vestigial and the paired pectoral and pelvic fins are missing altogether.[2] The lining of the mouth is rich in blood vessels and provides an additional surface for gas exchange when the swamp eel breathes air.[3]

Ecology

When in water, the marbled swamp eel is able to use its fully functional gills to breathe, whereas on land it can breathe with the lining of the mouth and pharynx. It is a nocturnal predator and feeds on any small prey in its environment such as frogs, fish, spiders and insects. It moves through dense vegetation on river banks, searches shallow water areas for prey and descends into burrows to find concealed animals. When on land it lives in a burrow, and tunnels more deeply as the ground becomes drier so as to keep below the water table. In the laboratory, these eels have remained alive in drying-out burrows for over six months, moving about through the tunnels.[3]

The marbled swamp eel is one of the few fish found up-river of large waterfalls and is a major predator of tadpoles in locations that other fish cannot access. It is a sequential hermaphrodite, and this is an advantage when it colonises new areas or encounters severe habitats.[3] Juvenile fish can be either male, known as a primary male, or female. Females transition into male fish, known as secondary males, at a length of between 45 and 60 cm (18 and 24 in). Secondary males can be told from primary males by examination of their gonads.[4] The male digs a burrow and guards the nest.[2]

References

1. Bailly, N. (2015). "Monacanthidae Bloch, 1795". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
2. "Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795". FishBase. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
3. Graham, Jeffrey B. (1997). Air-Breathing Fishes: Evolution, Diversity, and Adaptation. Academic Press. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-0-08-052549-5.
4. Lo Nostro, F.L.; Guerreo, G.A. (1996). "Presence of primary and secondary males in a population of the protogynous Synbranchus marmoratus". Journal of Fish Biology. 49 (5): 788–800. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb00079.x.