Suns in alchemy

In alchemic and Hermetic traditions, suns () are used to symbolize a variety of concepts, much like the sun in astrology. Suns can correspond to gold, citrinitas, generative masculine principles, imagery of "the king", or Apollo, the fiery spirit or sulfur,[1] the divine spark in man,[2] nobility, or incorruptibility. Recurring images of specific solar motifs can be found in the form of a "Dark" or "Black Sun", or a green lion devouring a sun.

A green lion consuming the sun is a common alchemical image and is seen in texts such as the Rosarium philosophorum. The symbol is a metaphor for vitriol (the green lion) purifying matter (the sun), leaving behind gold.

Sol niger
The black sun as pictured in the Putrifaction emblem of Philosophia Reformata (Johann Daniel Mylius)

Sol niger (black sun) can refer to the first stage of the alchemical magnum opus, the nigredo (blackening). In a text ascribed to Marsilio Ficino three suns are described: black, white, and red, corresponding to the three most used alchemical color stages. Of the sol niger he writes:

The body must be dissolved in the subtlest middle air: The body is also dissolved by its own heat and humidity; where the soul, the middle nature holds the principality in the colour of blackness all in the glass: which blackness of Nature the ancient Philosophers called the crows head, or the black sun.

— Marsilius Ficinus, "Liber de Arte Chemica"[3]

The black sun is used to illuminate the dissolution of the body, a blackening of matter, or putrefaction in Splendor Solis,[4] and Johann Daniel Mylius’s Philosophia Reformata.[5]

See also
The alchemical glyph used to represent the sun

References
  1. Pamela Smith. Merchants and Marvels: Commerce, Science, and Art in Early Modern Europe. Routledge. 2001. p. 41.
  2. Titus Burckhardt. Alchemy: Science of the Cosmos, Science of the Soul. Penguin. 1967. p. 91.
  3. Marsilius Ficinus, "Liber de Arte Chemica". Theatrum Chemicum, Vol. 2, Geneva, 1702, p. 172–183. Transcribed by Justin von Budjoss.
  4. Splendor Solis. 1582. Retrieved 2012-10-17.
  5. Stanislas Klossowski de Rola. The Golden Game: Alchemical Engravings of the Seventeenth Century. 1988. p. 170, 180.


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