Stegastes variabilis

Stegastes variabilis (cocoa damselfish) is a damselfish in the family Pomacentridae, found on coral and rocky reefs in the Caribbean Sea and neighboring areas of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. They are often solitary fish.[2]

Stegastes variabilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Family: Pomacentridae
Genus: Stegastes
Species:
S. variabilis
Binomial name
Stegastes variabilis
(Castelnau, 1855)[1]
Synonyms
  • Pomacentrus variabilis Castelnau, 1855
  • Eupomacentrus variabilis (Castelnau, 1855)
  • Pomacentrus flaviventer Troschel, 1865
  • Eupomacentrus chrysus T.H. Bean, 1906

Description

The cocoa damselfish is an oval, laterally compressed fish and grows to about 12.5 centimetres (4.9 in) long. The top of the head and the snout bear several blue stripes. The top half of the body is generally dark blue or brown and the bottom half is yellow. The sides are finely barred with vertical dark lines. There are two small black spots, one above the pectoral fins and the other on the top of the caudal peduncle. The large dorsal fin has 12 spines and 14 to 17 soft rays. The anal fin has two spines and 12 to 15 soft rays. The caudal fin is shallowly forked and has rounded lobes.[2]

Juveniles have a number of tiny blue spots and stripes on the head and upper part of the body, including two spots and a stripe on the upper iris. These regions also have a dusky blue sheen. A blue-rimmed black eyespot is located where the dorsal fin spines join with the soft rays. A similar blue-rimmed spot is found at the top of the caudle peduncle, and it extends down nearly as far as the lateral line. Older juveniles develop the characteristic blue and yellow coloration of the adult.[3]

Distribution

Cocoa damselfish are found in the western Atlantic by Brazil and the Caribbean.[2] The populations from Brazil and the Caribbean are genetically very distinct.[2] They are also found in Florida and the Gulf of Mexico.[4] They are marine and reef-associated. They do not migrate and have a depth range of 0 to 30 m.[2] It is common on offshore reefs, oil platforms, and wrecks. The juveniles can occasionally appear inshore.[4]

Ecology

Adults feed mainly on benthic algae but also on sponges, ascidiacea and anemones, while juveniles feed on invertebrates such as harpacticoid copepods and nemerteans.[2] Individual Stegastes variabilis don't overlap territories with other damselfish.[5] They appear to survive longer in captivity, up to 18 years, whereas they do not live beyond 12 years in the wild.[5]

Breeding

In the breeding season, the female lays eggs on the seabed where they are attached to empty shells, stones or other objects and fertilized by the male. He then guards them, aerates them and chases away intruders.[2] The males do this for seven days.[5] They are aggressive when breeding. Also there is distinct pairing during breeding.[2] Most of the communication between this species is done during breeding season.[5]

Importance to humans

They are used as commercial aquarium fish because of their size and colorfulness.[2]

Etymology

Stegastes is Greek for stegastos, which means covered.[2]

References
  1. Bailly, Nicolas (2010). "Stegastes variabilis (Castelnau, 1855)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  2. Stegastes variabilis on FishBase
  3. Pomacentridae: Stegastes variabilis Larvae of coral reef fishes. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  4. Hoese, H.; Moore, Richard. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Texas, Louisiana, and Adjacent Waters. p. 253.
  5. "Stegastes variabilis (Cocoa Damselfish)" (PDF).
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