State and official visits to the United Kingdom

State and official visits to the United Kingdom are formal visits by the head of state of one country to the United Kingdom, during which the British Sovereign acts as official host of the visitor. It is a royal event that involves the all assets in the Civil Service, the Royal Household and the Household Division. It also involves other members of the Royal family and is centered in London, the national capital. Invitations for state visits are sent by the Royal Household with supervision by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

Donald and Melania Trump with Queen Elizabeth II, the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall prior to attending a state banquet at Buckingham Palace in London.
Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu with Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh at Buckingham Palace during a visit in the UK, June 1978.

State visits do not formally occur between the United Kingdom and the 15 other Commonwealth realms, as the realms all share a common monarch and head of state. Visits conducted by the monarch to another Commonwealth realm are also not considered a state visits but rather royal visits. In addition, official visits to the United Kingdom by another Commonwealth realm are typically performed by their respective governor general, who in that capacity are usually in the country for an audience with the Queen.

History
The carriage carrying President Park Geun-hye in London.

One of the more notable as well as earliest instances of a state visit to the British Isle is the Grand Embassy of Peter the Great, which was a diplomatic mission to Western Europe in 1697 and 1698 led by Peter the Great of the Russian Empire.[1] The modern pomp and ceremonial came about in the early 19th century. Examples of this new protocol in action included the Allied sovereigns' visit to England in June 1814. Queen Victoria hosted Napoleon III for a state visit at Windsor Castle in 1855, although it consisted of more informal arrangements. Very few formal state visits to the country did not take place prior to the reign of Queen Elizabeth in the 20th century. One of those few state visits included one by Kaiser Wilhelm II during the reign of his uncle Edward VII in 1907.[2]

Order of events

Arrival

Historically, dignitaries would usually arrive at Gatwick Airport and take the Royal train to Victoria station. The Queen, typically accompanied by other members of the Royal Family, would greet them here and then lead them by carriage to Buckingham Palace.

Today, most dignitaries arrive at London Heathrow Airport, although there are cases of visitors arriving at London Stansted Airport instead. They are usually greeted on behalf of the Queen by a member of the Royal family and the UK Foreign Secretary.

The dignitary and the monarch then ride down The Mall in a state carriage (usually the 1902 State Landau) escorted by the Household Cavalry with street liners coming from the Foot Guards. Union Flags and the flags of the visiting country are usually draped on both sides of the road.

Arrival ceremony and guard of honour
President Donald Trump, First Lady Melania Trump and Queen Elizabeth II attend a welcome ceremony at Buckingham Palace, 3 June 2019.

An arrival ceremony usually takes place on Horse Guards Parade (although there are also some instances where it takes place at Buckingham Palace or Windsor Castle) with a Guard of Honour being provided by members of the Queen's Guard (usually found from one of the five regiments of foot guards: Grenadier Guards, Coldstream Guards, Scots Guards, Irish Guards, and the Welsh Guards). Prior to a welcoming ceremony at Windsor Castle, the state guest receives a welcome at Datchet railway station with the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment and it's mounted band. Following the performance of the national anthems, first of the visiting country and then God Save the Queen (although the former is the sole piece that played most of the time), the commander of the guard of honour formation, usually a junior officer, will always report to the dignitary in the language of the visitor, with the report being along the lines of the following:

'"Your Excellency, the guard of honour, provided by the (states name of unit), is formed up, and ready for inspection."

After the report, the selected band plays a slow march while the formation of company size is inspected.

Depending on the area where the ceremony takes place, a march past will immediately take place following the inspection. If it takes place on Horse Guards Parade, then the foreign guest and the Queen travel to Buckingham Palace in a carriage procession escorted by a large number of mounted soldiers from the Household Cavalry. The welcome ceremony is accompanied by 21-gun salutes fired from Green Park and the Tower of London.[3][4] Exceptions to this included Chinese leader Xi Jinping who was received with a 41-gun salute in Green Park and a simultaneous 62-gun salute at the Tower of London and City of London (103 guns in total).[5][6][7][8]

In recent years, Windsor Castle has hosted arrival ceremonies from President Thank Mbeki of South Africa, Abdullah II of Jordan, President Barack Obama and Margrethe II of Denmark.[9] During the lattermost visit, the guard of honour was provided by the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, a unit of which she is Colonel in Chief. Guards of honour have also been accorded for visiting dignitaries who are in the country on official or even working visits, including Soviet leaders Nikita Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1956 and 1989 respectively as well as US President Donald Trump in 2018.[10] Upon returning home from the latter visit, Trump falsely claimed that the Queen, who accompanied him during his inspection of the 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards at Windsor Castle, "reviewed her Honor Guard for the first time in 70 years", despite the fact that at the time she had only been sovereign for 65 years.[11] The largest guard of honour to be formed up for a state visit was in 2003 during the visit of President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush, when an arrival ceremony took place in the forecourt of Buckingham Palace, in which the Household Cavalry and the King's Troop were paraded in front of the visiting dignitaries.

Informal events upon meeting the sovereign
Xi met with Charles, Prince of Wales

Dignitaries have an informal lunch with the Queen before viewing the Royal Collection's artefacts and exchanging gifts with the Royals.

Government meetings
President Hassan Mohamud with Prime Minister David Cameron during his visit to the United Kingdom in February 2013.

After all royal meetings are held, the visitor then engages in meetings with leaders in Her Majesty's Government, beginning with the British Prime Minister at 10 Downing Street. In many of these meetings, multi-million pound business agreements are settled upon. Meetings are also held with the Leader of the Opposition, the leaders of all parties in the House of Commons, and members of the British Cabinet. In June 1978, Nicolae Ceaușescu made a state visit to the UK where a £200m licensing agreement was signed between the Romanian government and British Aerospace for the production of more than eighty BAC One-Eleven aircraft, which was said to be at the time the biggest civil aircraft agreement between two countries.[12]

Speech to Parliament
Main article: List of people who have addressed both Houses of the United Kingdom Parliament
Chinese leader Xi Jinping delivers a speech at the Palace of Westminster

The visiting head of state, upon the Queen's request, may also be given the chance to give an address to both chambers of the British Parliament assembled on the halls of the House of Lords. He/she addresses members of both chambers on the importances of political, economic and cultural ties shared by his/her home country with the millions of people of the United Kingdom. The joint speech is presided by the Speaker of the House of Commons in coordination with the Lord Speaker. The first foreign dignitary undertake such a reception was French President Albert Lebrun in March 1939 and most recently was under taken by Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands.[13]

Wreath laying ceremony

Heads of state from over 70 countries have laid wreaths at The Unknown Warrior during state visits.[14]

State dinner
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert lead the guests into the Waterloo Chamber of Windsor Castle, c. 1844

State dinners are held at Buckingham Palace in London and on occasion at Windsor Castle in Berkshire, should the visitors stay there. Around 150 guests are invited to the white tie event at the ballroom in Buckingham Palace for the banquet, which is an area that has a max capacity of 170 diners. Guests typically members of the Royal Family, members of the visiting delegation, British politicians and notable figures from both countries. Preparations of the state dinner are the responsibility of the Master of the Household and begin months in advance. The seating chart for the event is confirmed both by the Queen and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. During the dinner, honours and decorations of both heads of state are worn and both speeches are checked extensively by the Foreign office.

The preparation of food begins closer to the start of the dinner to ensure the food is still fresh by the time it reaches the table. This also means that every dish is prepared by hand from scratch. The meal spans over four courses that include: fish; main course, pudding and dessert.[15] Each place setting has six glasses (for water, red and white wine, dessert wine, champagne and port[16]) and up to a dozen pieces of cutlery. The menu is chosen by the Queen from a choice of four presented by the royal kitchen. Alcoholic drinks come from the Government Wine Cellar, while the food is prepared by chefs of the Royal Household. Large silver-gilt dishes and vessels (both of which are never used during the ceremony) are arranged in tiers on the central table.

Visits to Scotland

Scotland is the most frequently visited constituent country in the UK during state visits. They are usually hosted by the either the Queen or the First Minister of Scotland on this visit. When hosted by the Queen, the visitor stays at Holyrood Palace. When hosted by the devolved executive government in Scotland, the visitor holds bilateral meetings at St Andrew's House.

During the visit, a speech to the Scottish Parliament is given in the chamber, being broadcast on Parliament TV with the Presiding Officer of the Parliament being the host.

Previous visits to the parliament have included:[17]

Number of state visits (since 1952)
President Donald Trump with Queen Elizabeth II during the review of the Coldstream Guards at Windsor Castle during the official visit of the former to the United Kingdom in 2018.

The reigning monarch will usually host one or two states visits per year.[18] Queen Elizabeth II has hosted 152 state visits since becoming head of state in 1952.[19]

Countries No. of visits (with years)
 Afghanistan 1 (1971)
 Argentina 1 (1998)
 Austria 1 (1966)
 Bahrain 1 (1984)
 Belgium 1 (1963)
 Brazil 3 (1976, 1997, and 2006)
 Brunei 1 (1992)
 Chile 1 (1965)
 China 3 (1999, 2005, and 2015)
 Colombia 1 (2016)
 Denmark 2 (1974 and 2000)[20]
 Egypt 1 (1991)
 Ethiopia 1 (1954)
 Finland 2 (1969 and 1995)
 France 5 (1960, 1976, 1984, 1996, and 2008)
 Germany[21] 4 (1958, 1972, 1986, and 1998)
 Ghana 1 (2007)
 Greece 1 (1963)
 Hungary 1 (1999)
 India 3 (1963, 1990, and 2009)
 Indonesia 2 (1979 and 2012)
 Iran 1 (1959)
 Iraq 1 (1956)
 Ireland 1 (2014)
 Israel 1 (1997)
 Italy 4 (1958, 1969,[22] 1990, and 2005)
 Japan 2 (1971 and 1998)
 Jordan 2 (1966 and 2001)
 Kenya 1 (1979)
 Kuwait 2 (1995 and 2012)
 Liberia 1 (1962)
 Luxembourg 1 (1972)
 Malawi 1 (1985)
 Malaysia 2 (1974 and 1993)
 Mexico 4 (1973, 1985, 2009, and 2015)
 Morocco 1 (1987)
 Nepal 2 (1960 and 1980)
 Netherlands 3 (1972, 1982 and 2018)
 Nigeria 3 (1973, 1981 and 1989)
 Norway 3 (1962, 1988 and 1994)
 Oman 1 (1982)
 Pakistan 1 (1966)
 Poland 2 (1991 and 2004)
 Portugal 3 (1955, 1978 and 1993)
 Qatar 2 (1985 and 2010)
 Romania 1 (1978)
 Russia 1 (2003)
 Saudi Arabia 4 (1967, 1981, 1987, and 2007)
 Senegal 1 (1988)
 Singapore 1 (2014)
 South Africa 3 (1996, 2001, and 2010)
 South Korea 2 (2004 and 2013)
 Spain 2 (1986 and 2017)
 Sudan 1 (1964)
 Sweden 2 (1954 and 1975)
 Tanzania 1 (1975)
 Thailand 1 (1960)
 Turkey 3 (1967, 1988, and 2011)
 United Arab Emirates 2 (2013)
 United States 3 (2003, 2011, and 2019)[23]
 Zaire 1 (1973)
 Zambia 1 (1983)
 Zimbabwe 1 (1994)
  Vatican 1 (2010)[24]
  • The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh formally greet the President of the Republic of South Africa and Mrs Thobeka Madiba Zuma during the Ceremonial Welcome on Horse Guards Parade, 3 March 2010.

Controversies
Anti-war demonstration during President Bush's visit to London, June 2008

Many controversies have arose from state visits to the United Kingdom, particularly in relation to the human rights record of the visitor:[25]

  • 1971 – Emperor Hirohito of Japan undertook a state visit to the UK during a time in which anti-Japanese sentiment was ramped, partially due to the Emperor's wartime status as head of state. As a result, he was greeted by angry veterans and former British POWs, who notably protested through standing in silence as his open horse-drawn carriage passed through London. Thousands of protesters lined the route to Buckingham Palace, with some turning their back and wearing red gloves to symbolise the British war dead. Others whistled Colonel Bogey by Kenneth J. Alford, which was a popular march during the war. During Hirohito's visit, the satirical magazine Private Eye used a racist double entendre to refer to the emperor's visit ("nasty Nip in the air").[26]
  • 1978 – It was the first state visit by a Communist head of state to the UK.[27] Despite the Queen's public display of protocol, privately she had thought they had "blood on their hands".[28] As a result, she took steps to avoid meeting the both Ceausescu's, with royal author Robert Hardman reporting that: "she decided the best course of action was to hide behind a bush rather than conduct polite conversation". The Queen also received a call from French President Giscard d’Estaing warning her with an account of their recent stay in Paris, during which the Romanians had looted their living quarters and had even hacked holes in the walls while searching for bugging devices.[29] The day before Ceaucescu's execution, he was stripped of his honorary GCB (Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath) status and was returned the insignia of the Order of the Star of the Socialist Republic of Romania that Ceaușescu had bestowed upon the Queen during the visit.[30]
  • 2003 – Protests occurred during the visit of President Vladimir Putin as human rights activists were against Russian involvement in the Second Chechen War. There were also outcries over Russuan support for the Iranian nuclear programme. During Putin's visit to Edinburgh, a protester was arrested after he ran in front of the president's motorcade along the Royal Mile.
  • 2003 – November 2003 marked the visit of George W. Bush to the UK, during which he was met with peaceful anti-war protests in London, attracting 100,000 to 200,000 people. The protests culminated in the toppling of an effigy of Bush in Trafalgar Square.[31] One protester was arrested after attempting to throw an egg at the presidential motorcade. Up to £5m was reportedly spent on beefing up security for the four-day visit, which included calls for both Bush and Prime Minister Tony Blair to resign over the Iraq conflict.
  • 2014 – A few days after the visit, photographs produced by Amnesty UK showed cargo boxes that revealed "that the Chinese embassy has been shipping in flags, hats, T-shirts and other pro-China merchandise as diplomatic baggage in order to put on a show of strength and support for the visiting President".[32][33] This was done to counter activists of Falun Gong and the Tibetan independence movement who convened to demonstrate against China's human rights abuses in Tibet Autonomous Region.[7][34][35] In May 2016, Queen Elizabeth II was caught in camera making a remark that the Chinese "were very rude to the ambassador" during the visit and that it was "bad luck" for the Metropolitan police commander Lucy D’Orsi to be responsible for security during the event.[36]
  • Guarding the Queen, a documentary published by the BBC, covered the actions of the troops of the Household Division,[37] which included the preparations for the state visit of the President of Ghana John Kufuor in 2007.

See also

References
  1. Arthur MacGregor. The Tsar in England: Peter the Great’s Visit to London in 1698. Seventeenth Century. 2004;19(1):116–47. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=15026788&site=eds-live. Accessed September 26, 2018.
  2. https://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/history-state-visit-britain-queen-elizabeth-ii-american-us-presidents-meetings-when-first/
  3. "State Visits | The Royal Family". royal.uk. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  4. "Changing the Guard | Ceremonial Events / State Visits". changing-guard.com. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  5. "Troops on parade as UK welcomes China with spectacular ceremony". GOV.UK. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2019. Gunfire and smoke caught the attention of the crowds as The King’s Troop Royal Horse Artillery fired a 41-gun salute from Green Park and The Honourable Artillery Company simultaneously fired a 62-gun salute from Her Majesty’s Tower of London.
  6. "Xi Jinping visit: UK-China ties 'will be lifted to new height'". BBC. October 20, 2015. Earlier, President Xi was welcomed by the Queen, the Duke of Edinburgh and Mr Cameron during the ceremony in Horse Guards Parade, while a 41-gun salute was held in nearby Green Park.
  7. "China President Xi Jinping's UK tour: pomp and protest". Financial Times. October 20, 2015.
  8. "Why a 103-gun royal salute for President Xi?". Xinhua News Agency. October 20, 2015.
  9. The Official Website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 28 November 2010; President Obama touches down in Windsor, BBC News. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  10. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/donald-trump-visit-uk-guard-of-honour-queen-buckingham-palace-windsor-castle-melania-a8441906.html?amp
  11. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-claims-queen-reviewed-honor-guard-for-1st-time-in-70-years-shes-been-queen-for-65/
  12. Spainer, David (16 June 1978). "Britain and Romania sign £200m plane deal". The Times. London. p. 1.
  13. "Lord Speaker thanks King of Netherlands for address to Parliament". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  14. "Barack Obama lays memorial wreath at Westminster Abbey". The Daily Telegraph. London. 24 May 2011.
  15. https://www.irvinetimes.com/news/17681796.in-numbers-state-banquet-for-donald-trump/
  16. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11757987/The-secrets-of-Buckingham-Palaces-Royal-receptions.html
  17. https://www.parliament.scot/newsandmediacentre/108322.aspx
  18. "Inward State visits since 1952" (PDF). Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  19. https://amp.usatoday.com/amp/1284000001
  20. "Ceremonies: State visits". Official web site of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  21. Including 3 State Visits for West Germany
  22. https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/c6b6cbf2df824d4b87673ec54dcb6603
  23. https://uk.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/visits-of-presidents-of-the-united-states-to-the-united-kingdom/
  24. "Catholic Church seeks to clarify purpose of Pope's visit | Christian News on Christian Today". Christiantoday.com. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  25. https://news.sky.com/story/amp/five-controversial-state-visits-to-the-uk-10748635
  26. Popham, Peter (15 May 1996). "A love affair at work turns sour". The Independent. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  27. Hardman, p. 137; Roberts, pp. 88–89; Shawcross, p. 178
  28. Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in Shawcross, p. 178
  29. https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/06/why-ceausescus-1978-state-visit-was-far-more-humiliating-than-trumps-ever-could-be/
  30. Official Website of the British Monarchy: "Queen and Honours", retrieved on 13 October 2010.
  31. "Thousands protest against Bush". BBC. November 21, 2003. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
  32. Stone, Jon (21 October 2015). "The Chinese government seems to have been behind flag-waving supporters welcoming Xi Jinping to the UK". The Independent. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  33. Walker, Peter (20 October 2015). "Crowds greet Xi Jinping with flags seemingly brought by Chinese embassy". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  34. "Chinese President Xi begins 4-day visit to UK amid human rights concerns". CNN. October 20, 2015.
  35. "Xi Jinping's carriage ride up London's Mall runs the gauntlet of Falun Gong, Tibet and China supporters". South China Morning Post. October 20, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  36. "Queen caught on camera saying Chinese officials were 'very rude'". The Guardian. May 11, 2016.
  37. http://www.gpb.org/guarding-the-queen
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