Spinochordodes tellinii

Spinochordodes tellinii is a parasitic nematomorph hairworm whose larvae develop in grasshoppers and crickets. This parasite is able to influence its host's behavior: once the parasite is grown, it causes its grasshopper host to jump into water, where the grasshopper will likely drown. The parasite then leaves its host; the adult worm lives and reproduces in water.[2] S. tellinii does not influence its host to actively seek water over large distances, but only when it is already close to water.[3]

Spinochordodes tellinii
Spinochordodes tellinii with its bush-cricket host (Meconema thalassinum)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Nematomorpha
Class:
Gordioidea
Family:
Chordodidae
Genus:
Spinochordodes
Species:
S. tellinii
Binomial name
Spinochordodes tellinii
(Camerano, 1888) [1]

The microscopic larvae are ingested by their insect hosts and develop inside them into worms that can be three to four times longer than the host.

The precise molecular mechanism underlying the modification of the host's behaviour is not yet known. A study in 2005 indicated that grasshoppers which contain the parasite express, or create, different proteins in their brains compared to uninfected grasshoppers. Some of these proteins have been linked to neurotransmitter activity, others to geotactic activity, or the body's response to changes in gravity. Furthermore, it appears that the parasite produces proteins from the Wnt family that act directly on the development of the central nervous system and are similar to proteins known from other insects, suggesting an instance of molecular mimicry.[4]

A similar parasitic worm is Paragordius tricuspidatus.[5]

References
  1. "Spinochordodes tellinii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. Bhattacharya, Shaoni. "Parasites brainwash grasshoppers into death dive". New Scientist. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
  3. F. Thomas; A. Schmidt-Rhaesa; G. Martin; C. Manu; P. Durand & F. Renaud (May 2002). "Do hairworms (Nematomorpha) manipulate the water seeking behaviour of their terrestrial hosts?". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 15 (3): 356–361. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.485.9002. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00410.x. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13.
  4. D. G. Biron; L. Marché; F. Ponton; H. D. Loxdale; N. Galéotti; L. Renault; C. Joly & F. Thomas (2005). "Behavioural manipulation in a grasshopper harbouring hairworm: a proteomics approach". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1577): 2117–2126. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3213. PMC 1559948. PMID 16191624.
  5. Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa; David G. Biron; Cécile Joly & Frédéric Thomas (2005). "Host–parasite relations and seasonal occurrence of Paragordius tricuspidatus and Spinochordodes tellinii (Nematomorpha) in Southern France". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 244 (1): 51–57. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2005.04.002.
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