Spanish Marine Infantry

The Spanish Naval Infantry (Spanish: Infantería de Marina; lit) is the naval infantry unit of the Spanish Navy (Armada Española) responsible for conducting amphibious warfare by utilizing naval platforms and resources. The Marine Corps is fully integrated into the Armada's structure.

Marine Infantry
Infantería de Marina
Badge of the Spanish Marine Infantry
Founded27 February 1537
(483 years, 11 months)
Country Spain
Branch Spanish Navy
TypeMarines
RoleAmphibious Warfare
Size5,700 Marines[1]
Garrison/HQSan Fernando
Motto(s)"Per Terra et Mare"
("By Land and Sea!")
MarchMarcha heroica de la Infantería de Marina
Anniversaries27 February
Engagements
Commanders
Current
commander		Divisional General Antonio Planells Palau

The Corps was formed in 1537 by Charles I of Spain (also known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), making it the oldest marine corps in existence in the world, drawing from the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles.

Mission
Spanish Marine Infantry uniform

The Spanish Marine Infantry is an elite corps, highly specialised in amphibious warfare, that is, to project an amphibious force onto a hostile, or potentially hostile, coast. Its ability to embark on a short term notice with (land, air and naval) Navy assets, makes it a unit with a high strategic value. Adding to this a high degree of training, and the capability to deploy swiftly in international waters, results in a potent dissuasive force available at a short notice in distant regions.

One of the main characteristics of a marine is the uniform that he wears. On the sleeves of the Spanish Marines are the three "Sardinetas", which marks it as a member of the Royal House Corps. This was given in recognition for a heroic last stand in the Castillo del Morro of Havana, Cuba against a British expedition in 1762. The only other unit to wear the sardinetas and red trouser stripes is the Spanish Royal Guard. Spanish Marines have modern assets to comply with its mission, having personnel specialised in artillery, sapping, helicopters, special operations, communications, tanks, among others. Some vehicles form the Grupo Mecanizado Anfibio del Tercio de Armada (the Mechanized Amphibious Group of the Navy Tercio).

The Marines of Spain are not only a fleet force, as the Spanish Royal Marine Guard Company are responsible for the defense and security forces of naval bases and facilities, naval schools and training units, and all facilities that support the Marines themselves.

History

First period
The most famous Spanish Marine is without a doubt Miguel de Cervantes, author of the novel Don Quixote, who was wounded in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Another famous writer, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, also served with the marines.

The Infantería de Armada (Navy Infantry) was created by Charles V in 1537, when he permanently assigned the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles (Old Sea Companies of Naples) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons). But it was Philip II who established today's concept of a landing force. This was a pure naval power projection ashore by forces deployed from ships that could maintain their ability to fight despite being based on board. This is the period of the famous Tercios (literally "One Third", due to its organisation: one third of musketeers, one third of swordsmen and the final third of pikemen):[2][3]

  • Tercio Nuevo de la Mar de Nápoles.
  • Tercio de la Armada del Mar Océano.
  • Tercio de Galeras de Sicilia.
  • Tercio Viejo del Mar Océano y de Infantería Napolitana.

Of the Tercios above, the first is considered the core of the Spanish Marine Infantry, and it bears in its coat of arms two crossed anchors that became the Corps' coat of arms until 1931.[2]

In 1704, the Tercios became regiments: Regimiento de Bajeles (Vessel's Regiments), Regimiento de la Armada (Navy Regiment), R. del Mar de Nápoles (Naples' Sea Regiment), and R. de Marina de Sicilia (Sicily's Navy Regiment), detaching some small units to the Army, and the main body remained in the Navy becoming the Cuerpo de Batallones de Marina (Navy Battalions Corps).[2]

The battles that the marines served in during this very busy period included:

Second period

In 1717 the Cuerpo de Batallones de Marina was definitively settled and organized, reaching its full strength of twelve battalions. The first ones were named: Armada, Bajeles, Marina, Oceano, Mediterráneo and Barlovento. Their mission was to form the "Main body of landing columns and ship's soldiers tasks" in a time that boarding was still a critical part of battle at sea. They were also gun crews. In 1728 the battalion Mediterráneo and in 1731 the battalion Barlovento were disbanded.[2] [4] In 1741 there were eight battalions and ten years later another was added. In 1740 a marine artillery corps was founded. At mid 18th century there were 12,000 marine infantry and 3,000 marine gunners. The infantry formed boarding parties while the gunners manned the ship cannons. As needed landing parties were formed. Both corps also garrisoned the navy's coastal fortresses. During the War of Spanish Independence both the marine infantry and the marine artillery was reorganized as seven regiments, mainly fighting on land as part of army divisions.[2]

In a 1793, a woman, Ana Maria de Soto, disguised as a man, and answering to the name of Antonio Maria de Soto, enlisted in the 6th company of 11° Battalion of the Navy, being licensed with pension and honors in 1798, when she was discovered to be a woman. She was the first female marine in the world.

The major actions they took part in during this period were:

Third period
Color of the 3rd Marine Regiment of Cartagena, today Tercio de Levante

The increasing efficiency of the naval artillery made boarding obsolete after the Napoleonic Wars, the marine infantry and marine artillery was merged in 1827 into a brigade, Brigada Real de Marina with focus on artillery. The brigade that consisted of two battalions was renamed the Real Cuerpo de Artillería de Marina in 1833. In the First Carlist War 1834-39, three battalions of marine infantry were organized, serving as field infantry, with an additional battalion raised to reinforce the Royal Guards in Madrid. In 1839 the corps was renamed Cuerpo de Artillería and Infanteriá de Marina.[2] In 1841 the infantry was transferred to the army.[5] The marine artillery remained in the navy under the name of Cuerpo de Artillería de Marina . However, in 1848, the naval infantry was re-established by the formation of a new Corps, Cuerpo de Infantería de Marina, , then as an infantry regiment organized into three battalions and the regimental HQ, as well as support units and the band. The marine artillery was abolished in 1857. The five battalions of marine infantry were reorganized in 1869 to three regiments, one for each naval station. By this time, the mission of the marines changed from naval garrison troops, to a landing force serving mainly in the colonies.[2]

During the Third Carlist War 1872–1876 the marines fought as field infantry. In 1879, the marine infantry academy, the Academia General Central de Infantería de Marina was founded. The colonial wars in the Philippines and on Cuba, with constant landing operations, lead to a reorganization of the marines into three brigades of two regiments each. In 1886 the marines contained four brigades, each with four tercios, while the reorganization of 1893 created three regiments of two battalions each. During the Philippine Revolution and the Spanish–American War the marines fought as part of army divisions.[2]

Though Spain's empire was dismembered in the nineteenth century the marines continued to be active abroad. Its most important actions in this period were:

Insignia during the Republican period (1931–1939)
Insignia during the Francoist period (1939–1975)

These actions were carried out by the Batallones Expedicionarios (Expeditionary Battalions), some of them campaigning abroad for up to ten years.

Fourth period
See also: Spanish Republican Navy

At the end of the World War I, the Battle of Gallipoli made almost all countries abandon the idea of amphibious assault. The world's marine corps fell into a deep crisis, with the Spanish Marine Infantry being no exception, though it enjoyed success during the Third Rif War in its innovative Alhucemas amphibious assault in 1925, when it employed coordinated air and naval gunfire to support the assault.[2]

Owing to its high-profile action in the unpopular Rif Wars, the Spanish Navy Marine corps was branded as a leftover of the Spanish colonial era. After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, the reforms of the armed forces introduced by newly nominated Republican Minister of War Manuel Azaña within the first months of the new government sought to disband the corps.[2]

Before it was officially disbanded, however, the Spanish Civil War intervened and the corps split and served both sides with the garrisons of Ferrol and Cádiz on the Nationalist side and the garrison of Cartagena, as well as a detachment in Madrid, on the Republican side. During the bitterly fought war the Marines performed garrison duties, led landing parties, and provided expert artillery and machine gun crews. The Republican 151 Brigada Mixta fought mostly inland battles far away from the sea.[2] Photographer Robert Capa took pictures of the Spanish Marine Infantry in the Battle of the Segre.[6] Republican Infantería de Marina Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio Ristori de la Cuadra, killed in action during the Siege of Madrid, was posthumously awarded the Laureate Plate of Madrid.[7]

Fifth period

After the civil war, during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, the strength of the Infantería Marina was increased. In 1957, the Grupo Especial Anfibio (Amphibious Special Group) was created, and the Spanish Marine Infantry returned to its primary duty as a Landing Force Mission. In 1958 it established a beachhead in Spanish Sahara and Ifni during the Ifni War. The capabilities and strength of the Spanish Marine Infantry were increased: new amphibious vehicles, anti-tank weapons, individual equipment and artillery.

The Tercio de Armada (TEAR) became the main amphibious unit and has experienced several restructures that led to the E-01 Plan, which defines the requirements and structures from the year 2000 for the Spanish Marine Infantry. The Spanish Marines have been present in Europe, Central America and Asia in an anonymous role as an "emergency force" ready to evacuate civilians in conflict areas, or as a deterrence force in providing cover for the actions of allied forces. The current base for the Spanish Marines is in San Fernando.

Modern Day

The Spanish Marine Infantry have been deployed to various NATO operations such as Afghanistan.[8]

Special operations deployments
See also: Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial

Since the 2009, the special operations units from the Spanish Navy (the Special Combat Divers Unit (UEBC), the Special Explosive Defusers Unit (UEDE) from the Navy Diving Center, and the Special Operations Unit (UOE) from the Marine Infantry) are merged into the Special Naval Warfare Force, that is organized inside the whole Navy. This unit has also taken part in several operations including Atalanta in Somalia, United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, Hispaniola in Haiti and the hijack of the fishing vessel Alakrana in Somali waters.[9]

Organization

Marine brigade

The main fighting Force of the Spanish Marine Infantry is the Marine Infantry Brigade, which includes the following units:

  • Marine Infantry Brigade (BRIMAR)
    • Headquarters Battalion, with 1x Headquarters, 1x Signals, 1x Military Intelligence, Battlefield Surveillance & Electronic Warfare and 1x Reconnaissance & Target Acquisition Company
    • 1st Landing Battalion, with 1x HQ & Service, 3x Naval Fusiliers and 1x Weapons Company
    • 2nd Landing Battalion, with 1x HQ & Service, 3x Naval Fusiliers and 1x Weapons Company
    • 3rd Mechanized Landing Battalion, with 1x HQ & Service, 2x Mechanized (Piranha IIIC 8x8), 1x Tank (M60A3 TTS) and 1x Weapons Company
    • Amphibious Mobility Group, with 1x HQ & Service, 1x Engineer, 1x Amphibious Assault Vehicle, 1x Anti-Tank (TOW) and 1x Boat Company
    • Artillery Landing Group, with 1x HQ & Service, 2x Field Artillery (105mm Mod. 56), 1x Self-propelled Artillery (155mm M109AE), 1x Air-Defense Artillery Battery (Mistral) and 1x Fire Support Coordination and Control Company
    • Combat Service Support Group, with 1x HQ & Service, 1x Transport, 1x Medical, 1x Supply, 1x Maintenance Company and 1x Beach Organization & Movement Company
Structure of the Marine Infantry Brigade, 2017

Protection Forces
Spanish Naval Protection Forces emblem

The Protection Force (FUPRO) is in charge of ensuring the security of naval and other designated facilities and contains around 2000 troops. FUPRO is commanded by a brigadier general and is made up of the following battalion sized Tercios (En:Thirds):

  • Tercio del Norte (TERNOR) - Northern Regiment
  • Tercio de Levante (TERLEV) - Eastern Regiment
  • Tercio del Sur (TERSUR) - South Regiment
  • Unidad de Seguridad del Mando Naval de Canarias (USCAN) - Canary Islands Naval Command Security Unit
  • Agrupación de Infantería de Marina de Madrid (AGRUMAD) - Madrid Marine Infantry Group

Special Forces

See article: Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial

Emblem of the Spanish Naval Special Warfare Force.
Members of the Special Operations Unit (UOE) during a boarding practice.

The Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial (FGNE) is the special operations force of the Spanish Navy specializing in maritime, land and coastal environments. It is made up of the former Special Naval Warfare Command, the defunct Special Operations Unit of the Marine Infantry Brigade (UOE) and the defunct Special Combat Divers Unit (UEBC).

These units are grouped into elements with the following main tasks:

  • Command and control: Command Group and Staff and CIS Platoon of the Staff and Support Unit
  • Combat: Estoles
  • Combat Support (CSU): Boat and parachute unit of the Staff and Support Unit.
  • Combat Services Support (CSSU): Health, Provisioning, Transportation, folding, Weapons and Material and Cargo of the Staff and Support Unit

Marine Company of the Royal Guard
Flag of the Marine company of the Spanish Royal Guard.

The Compañía Mar Océano de la Guardia Real was created on 1 December 1981 as part of the Royal Guard. Its organization is that of a Rifle Company.[10]

Naval Police emblem
Peugeot 307 of the Naval Police in the port of Vigo.

The Naval Police Units are basically organized for the performance, both in peace and in war, of specific security and order missions. They fulfill the duties of surveillance of units and units of the Navy, custody, escort and regulation of transport and military convoys, protection of authorities, identification of personnel and vehicles, etc. In the exercise of their functions they will have the character of agents of the authority.

Compañía de Reconocimiento y Adquisición de Blancos (TAR)

The Compañía de Reconocimiento y Adquisición de Blancos (TAR) was created in 2012, replacing the Reconnaissance Unit (URECON) assigned to the Headquarters Battalion. Its mission is the recognition for the Marine Infantry Brigade (BRIMAR). Its tasks are observation and reconnaissance, target acquisition and control of fire support (artillery and air strikes) and mobility. For this, he trains in insertion / extraction using skydiving and diving techniques.

Sección Martín Álvarez

While she remained active, the Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias (R11) had an assigned section of embarked Marines who were responsible for the security and control of the vessel, conducting Maritime Interdiction Operations (MIO) using helicopters or RIBs.

Once the ship began its decommissioning process, the Section was dismantled and its members assigned to other units.

Personnel structure
Spanish Marine Infantry Direct Entry 2018
Rank Level Education Training Rank Span
OfficersBachillerato and University Entrance Exam
18–21 years old		Escuela Naval Militar (ENM)
5 years		First Lieutenant - Major General
Bachelor's degree, not older than 26 yearsENM 1 year
Master's degree, not older than 27 years
Non-commissioned officersBachillerato
18–21 years old		Escuela de Infantería de Marina General Albacete Fuster
* Curso de Acceso a la Escala de Suboficiales
3 years		OR6 - OR9
Técnico Medio (secondary vocational degree), not older than 21 years
Entrance exam to Vocational College,
not older than 21 years
MenEducación Secundaria Obligatoria
18–29 years of age		Escuela de Infantería de Marina General Albacete Fuster:
* Curso de Acceso a Militar Profesional de Tropa y Marinería		OR1 - OR5
Sources:[11][12]

Ranks of the Spanish Marine Infantry

Even though the ranks of the Marine Infantry are similar to Spanish Army ranks they wear also sleeve and cuff insignia to recognize them as part of the naval establishment, aside from shoulder rank insignia.

Officer rank insignia
NATO codeOF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D)Student officer
 Spanish Navy Marines
 No equivalent
Teniente General General de División General de Brigada Coronel Teniente Coronel Comandante Capitán Teniente Alférez Guardiamarina de 2º Guardiamarina de 1º Aspirante de 2ª Aspirante de 1ª

Non-commissioned officers rank insignia
NATO CodeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Spain
(Marines)
Suboficial mayor Subteniente Brigada Sargento primero Sargento Cabo mayor Cabo primero Cabo Soldado de Primera Soldado

Officer Cadets and NCO Candidates
NATO CodeOF-DOfficer CadetsNCO CandidatesReserve Officer Candidate
Spain
Alférez
(Alumno 5º)		 Guardiamarina de 2º
(Alumno 4º)		 Guardiamarina de 1º
(Alumno 3º)		 Aspirante de 2º
(Alumno 2º)		 Aspirante de 1º
(Alumno 1º)		 Sargento Alumno 3º año Alumno 2º año Alumno 1º año Aspirante MPTM

Battledress officers rank insignia
NATO codeOF-10OF-9OF-8OF-7OF-6OF-5OF-4OF-3OF-2OF-1OF(D)Student officer
Spain
(Marines) 		No equivalent
Teniente General General de División General de Brigada Coronel Teniente Coronel Comandante Capitán Teniente Alférez

Battledress non-commissioned officers rank insignia
NATO CodeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Spain
(Marines)
Suboficial mayor Subteniente Brigada Sargento primero Sargento Cabo mayor Cabo primero Cabo Soldado de Primera Soldado

The Spanish Marine's Decalogue

Original Spanish
  • 1º mandamiento : Mi primer deber como infante de marina es estar permanentemente dispuesto a defender España y entregar si fuera preciso mi propia vida
  • 2º mandamiento : Seré siempre respetuoso con mis mandos, leal con mis compañeros, generoso y sacrificado en mi trabajo
  • 3º mandamiento : Estaré preparado para afrontar con valor abnegación y espíritu de servicio cualquier misión asiganada a la Infantería de Marina
  • 4º mandamiento : Seré siempre respetuoso con las tradiciones del cuerpo, estaré orgulloso de su historia y nunca haré nada que pueda desprestigiar su nombre
  • 5º mandamiento : Ajustaré mi conducta al respeto de las personas, su dignidad y derechos serán valores que guardaré y exigiré
  • 6º mandamiento : Como Infante de marina la disciplina constituirá mi norma de actuación, la practicaré y exigiré en todos los cometidos que se me asignen
  • 7º mandamiento : Como Infante de marina mi misión será sagrada, en su cumplimiento venceré o moriré
  • 8º mandamiento : Aumentar la preparación física y mental será mi objetivo permanente
  • 9º mandamiento : Seré duro en la fatiga, bravo en el combate, nunca el desaliento en mi pecho anidará, nobleza y valentía serán mis emblemas
  • 10º mandamiento : ¡Mi lema! ... ¡Valiente por tierra y por mar!

English
  • 1: As a Marine my first duty is to be constantly ready to defend Spain and give my life if necessary.
  • 2: I shall be always loyal with my brothers, respectful with my superiors, generous and devoted to my task.
  • 3: I shall be always ready to face with courage, dedication and spirit of service any mission assigned to the Spanish Marine Corps.
  • 4: I shall be always respectful about the traditions of the Corps, be proud of its history and will never do anything that may adversely reflect on its name.
  • 5: I shall guide my conduct with respect for people, their dignity and rights I shall guard.
  • 6: As a Marine, discipline will be my standard of acting in all tasks assigned to me.
  • 7: As a Marine, my mission is sacred; in its fulfillment, I shall either win or die.
  • 8: Improving my body and training my mind shall be my permanent goals.
  • 9: I shall be strong on fatigue, brave in battle, discouragement shall never nest in my heart, for honor and courage are my banners.
  • 10: My motto!: Bravery in land and in the sea!

Equipment
Spanish marines assigned to the frigate SPS Numancia (F83)
Spanish Marine Infantry deploying from an AAV-7 during an exhibition on Sardinero beach in Santander, in celebration of Armed Forces Day (Dia de las Fuerzas Armadas) in 2009
An M109 howitzer of the Spanish Marines coming ashore during Exercise BRIGHT STAR 01/02, in 2001

Pistols

Assault rifles

Grenade launchers

Sniper rifles

Submachine guns

Machine guns

Anti-tank weapons

Artillery

Guided missiles

Vehicles

Traditions

Hymn

The Marcha Heroica de la Infanteria de Marina (Heroic March of the Marine Infantry), also known as the Himno de la Infantería de Marina is the official march of the Spanish Marines. It was authored by J. Raimundo and composed by Colonel Don Agustín Díez Guerrero. The text is as follows:[15]

 

Marines
let's go fight
The Homeland enlarge
and its glory increase
nobility and bravery
our emblems are:
not abandon the ensign
to the noise of the cannon
why die for it
It is our obligation.


Don't cry to me, my mother
if in the fight I have to stay
what is the duty of the Spanish
for my country!
your blood spill


To fight, to fight
brave Marines
to win or die
for defending the noble Spain
For his honor, for his honor
let's all fight incessantly
until we achieve our soil
the admiration of the whole world


Marines
let's go fight
The Homeland enlarge
and its glory increase
nobility and bravery
our emblems are:
not abandon the ensign
to the noise of the cannon
why die for it
It is our obligation


Don't cry to me, my mother
if in the fight I have to stay
what is the duty of the Spanish
for my country!
your blood spill


Glory to the brave
that by sea and land
heroically they died
defending his flag


Let's follow their example
of unparalleled bravery
that the Marines
gloriously they know how to succeed

Motto

Its official motto is "Per Terra et Mare" ("By Land and Sea"), which is also used as the motto of the Royal Marines and is also similar to other marine units.

Bands
The band on Spanish National Day.

The Music Band of the Marines is the military band of the Marine Infantry and the larger Spanish Navy. For this, it has the Music Band, created in 1950, it is made up of a select group of non-commissioned officers and professional musicians. Its first performance was in the Paseo de la Castellana in Madrid on 1 April 1951.[16] It marches in both military ceremonies and parades, as well as in civil events. Based in Madrid it serves as the successor to bands of both that service and the whole of the Navy. The Madrid Marine Corps Ground (AGRUMAD) Music Band, also based in Madrid, also serves this branch. Since 1990, which was the year of its reestablishment, it has participated in concerts organized by the aforementioned association as well as military festivals in Spain. In 1970, it performed in the International Contest of Military Music Bands held in Valencia in 1970, in which he obtained 1st prize. It also has taken part in foreign activities in neighboring countries such as Belgium.[17]

Uniforms
  • Barrack Dress A
  • Barrack Dress B
  • Service Dress A
  • Service Dress B
  • Service Dress C
  • Dress Uniform A
  • Dress Uniform B
  • Mess Dress A
  • Mess Dress B
  • Ceremonial Dress

Source:[18]

See also

References

Notes

  1. https://www.defensa.com/espana/buen-momento-infanteria-marina-espanola
  2. La Infantería de Marina Espanola. Sintesis histórica y Evolución Orgánica. Ministerio de Defensa, 2011.
  3. Enrique Martínez Ruiz & al. Spain and Sweden: encounters throughout history. Madrid 2001, s. 86.
  4. "1717 – 1740. Batallones de Marina." Los Ejércitos del Rey. Archived 4 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2018-06-28.
  5. Colección de las leyes, Decretos y de Decaciones de La Cortes, y los Reales Decretos de 1841. Madrid 1842, p. 884.
  6. "Robert Capa picture of the 151 Brigada Mixta at the Battle of the Segre". Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  7. "Diario Oficial de la República, nº 47 (16 February 1938)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  8. "The Spanish Marine Corps concludes advising tasks for the National Afghan Army". Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  9. "¿CUÁLES SON LAS PRINCIPALES OPERACIONES Y EJERCICIOS EN LOS QUE HEMOS PARTICIPADO? - Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial (FGNE)". armada.mde.es. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  10. http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/buques_infanteria/03_mar_oceano
  11. "La Profecíon Militar." Fuerzas Armadas Españolas. Archived 27 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2018-07-29.
  12. "Presentación Empleo y Formación." Armada Española. Archived 30 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2018-07-29.
  13. Maíz Sanz, Julio (17 October 2018). "La Fuerza de Guerra Naval Especial de la Armada se dota con fusiles de asalto HK416". Defensa.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  14. . infodefensa.com https://www.infodefensa.com/es/2020/07/23/noticia-ejercito-tierra-armada-obuses.html#:~:text=El%20Ej%C3%A9rcito%20de%20Tierra%20ha,la%20versi%C3%B3n%20A2%2C%20obsoletos%20ya. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2021. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. https://armada.defensa.gob.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/multimediahimnos/prefLang-es/04himnos-infanteria-de-marina
  16. http://www.outono.net/elentir/historia-de-la-marcha-mas-emblematica-de-la-armada-espanola-ganando-barlovento/
  17. https://www.defensa.gob.es/portaldecultura/cultural/musica/madrid/musica_172.html
  18. "Orden DEF/1756/2016, de 28 de octubre, por la que se aprueban las normas de uniformidad de las Fuerzas Armadas." Agencia Estatal Boletín del Estado. Archived 30 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2018-07-30
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