Smooth Island (Tasmania)

Smooth Island, is a privately owned island with an area of 59.31 ha (146.6 acres)[1] lying close to the south-eastern coast of Tasmania, Australia. The island is part of the Sloping Island Group situated in Norfolk Bay and surrounded by the Tasman and Forestier Peninsulas.[1] The towns Dunalley and Murdunna are nearby. Smooth Island differs from other Tasmanian islands as it has an unencumbered freehold title down to the high-water mark.

Smooth Island

Smooth Island sunset
Smooth Island Location in Tasmania
Geography
Location	Norfolk Bay
Coordinates	42°56′24″S 147°46′48″E
Archipelago	Sloping Island Group
Area	59.31 ha (146.6 acres)
Coastline	3.38 km (2.1 mi)
Highest elevation	44 m (144 ft)
Administration
Australia
State	Tasmania
Additional information
Time zone	AEST (UTC+10)

Administration

For administrative purposes, the island is within the Tasman Council, the land district of Pembroke, the legislative council of Rumney and the electorate of Lyons at state and federal levels. It lies within the Fire Management Area Committee Boundary (FMAC) of 'East Coast'.

Smooth Island is privately owned; it has a freehold title with no covenants. In 2014 Smooth Island was gazetted as a Private Forest Timber Reserve.[2] The coast line 200 metres (660 ft) from the Smooth Island waterline has been classified Zone 23 (Environmental management) under the Tasman Interim Planning Scheme 2015.[3][4]

Access

Smooth island is private property to the coastal high-water mark; unauthorised public access, including mooring of vessels, is prohibited. Subject to authorisation, Smooth Island is easily accessible by boat and helicopter. The island's terrain is suited to the construction of a small airstrip.

Services

The island receives radio coverage from ABC Local Radio (936 AM), 3G mobile phone coverage from Telstra and wireless coverage from the National Broadband Network. The table below outlines the nearest services and facilities to Smooth Island.

Service type	Name	Address	Coordinates	Distance by air	Distance by boat	Distance by road from Murdunna	Reference
Public boat ramp	Murdunna boat ramp	[note 1]	[note 2]	5.7 km	5.8 km	–	[5]
Ambulance	Dodges Ferry Ambulance Station	[note 3]	[note 4]	17 km	21 km	28 km	[6]
Medical (family doctor)	Dodges Ferry Medical	[note 5]	[note 6]	17 km	21 km	28 km	[7]
Major hospital	Royal Hobart Hospital	[note 7]	[note 8]	37.5 km	56 km	65 km	[8]
Police (and defibrillator)	Dunalley Police Station	[note 9]	[note 10]	6.7 km	6.7 km	9 km	[9]
Mobile phone transmission tower	Telstra 3G 850 MHz	[note 11]	[note 12]	6 km	–	–	[10]
Wireless internet transmission tower	National Broadband Network	[note 11]	[note 12]	6 km	–	–	[10]
Fuel	Shell Dunalley	[note 13]	[note 14]	6.5 km	6.5 km	9 km	[11]
General store	Dunalley Supermarket	[note 15]	[note 16]	6.7 km	6.7 km	9 km	[12]
Large shopping centre	Sorell plaza shopping centre	[note 17]	[note 18]	25 km	29 km	40 km

Recreational fishing

"All waters 200 metres seaward from the low water mark of Smooth Island: Shark Refuge Area. No taking of shark, skates or rays, except elephantfish. Where permitted, graball nets must not be set for more than 2 hours and can only be set from sunrise until one hour before sunset. No mullet nets. No set lines (ong lines and drop lines)."[13]

Geography

Smooth Island lies 2.24 km (1.39 mi) from both Dunbabin Point[14] and Chronicle Point on the mainland, and 2.3 km (1.4 mi) from King George Island, measured from the nearest coastlines.

The island has two hilly peaks separated by a saddle.[note 19] The height above sea level of the North peak, South peak and saddle are 43 metres (141 ft), 40 metres (130 ft) and 30 metres (98 ft) respectively.[note 20][note 21]

Climate

Smooth island's climate is classified Cfb under the Köppen Climate Classification.

Climate data for Hobart International Airport (26 km (16 mi) from Smooth Island)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	22.6 (72.7)	22.3 (72.1)	20.8 (69.4)	18.1 (64.6)	15.3 (59.5)	12.9 (55.2)	12.5 (54.5)	13.5 (56.3)	15.4 (59.7)	17.3 (63.1)	19 (66)	20.7 (69.3)	17.5 (63.5)
Average low °C (°F)	12 (54)	12.1 (53.8)	10.8 (51.4)	8.8 (47.8)	6.6 (43.9)	4.6 (40.3)	4.1 (39.4)	4.7 (40.5)	6.1 (43.0)	7.5 (45.5)	9.2 (48.6)	10.8 (51.4)	8.1 (46.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	40.8 (1.61)	35.9 (1.41)	36.1 (1.42)	42.2 (1.66)	35.6 (1.40)	32.5 (1.28)	43.8 (1.72)	47.1 (1.85)	41.6 (1.64)	46.3 (1.82)	44.9 (1.77)	52.6 (2.07)	499.4 (19.65)
Source: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1958–2015) [15]

Ecosystem

The following fauna and flora have been observed on Smooth Island:[16]

List of species

Iconic name Common name Scientific name Actinopterygii Bluethroat Wrasse Notolabrus tetricus Animalia Air-breathing limpet Siphonaria diemenensis Animalia Australian Marine Slater Ligia australiensis Animalia Purple Mottled Shore Crab Cyclograpsus granulosus Animalia Rosette barnacle Tetraclitella purpurascens Animalia Waratah Anemone Actinia tenebrosa Animalia Western Pacific purple sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma Animalia Sydney Coral Galeolaria caespitosa Animalia Six-plated barnacle Chthamalus antennatus Arachnida Forest Scorpion Cercophonius squama Aves Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens Aves Brown Quail Synoicus ypsilophorus Aves Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus Aves Forest Raven Corvus tasmanicus Aves Galah Eolophus roseicapilla Aves House Sparrow Passer domesticus Aves Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus Aves Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Aves Little Penguin Eudyptula minor Aves New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae Aves Pacific Gull Larus pacificus Aves Short-tailed Shearwater Ardenna tenuirostris Aves Silvereye Zosterops lateralis Aves Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus Aves Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax fleayi Aves Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax Aves White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster Chromista Common Kelp Ecklonia radiata Chromista Giant Kelp Macrocystis pyrifera Chromista Neptune's necklace Hormosira banksii Insecta Australian magpie moth Nyctemera amicus Insecta Buff-tailed Bumble Bee Bombus terrestris Insecta Common Brown Heteronympha merope Insecta Disappearing Grasshopper Schizobothrus flavovittatus Insecta European Honey Bee Apis mellifera Insecta Harlequin Red Bug Dindymus versicolor Insecta Inchman Ant Myrmecia forficata Insecta Thynnus zonatus Insecta Oxycanus australis Insecta Omyta centrolineata Mammalia Domestic Sheep Ovis aries Mollusca Australian Black Nerite Nerita atramentosa Mollusca blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra Mollusca Cart-Rut Shell Dicathais orbita Mollusca Common conniwink Bembicium melanostoma Mollusca Gold-mouthed Conniwink Bembicium auratum Mollusca Little Black Mussel Xenostrobus neozelanicus Mollusca Little Blue Periwinkle Austrolittorina unifasciata Mollusca Mediterranean Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Mollusca Pacific Oyster Magallana gigas Mollusca Snakeskin Chiton Sypharochiton pelliserpentis Mollusca Southern flat oyster Ostrea angasi Mollusca Southern Periwinkle Austrocochlea constricta Mollusca Variegated limpet Cellana tramoserica Mollusca Siphonaria funiculata Mollusca Penion mandarinus Mollusca Patelloida alticostata Mollusca Ischnochiton australis Mollusca Diloma concameratum Mollusca Cominella lineolata Mollusca Cellana solida Mollusca Aplysia Plantae African boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum Plantae Austral Bracken Pteridium esculentum Plantae Austral Seablite Suaeda australis Plantae Australian Blackthorn Bursaria spinosa Plantae Australian Pig Face Carpobrotus rossii Plantae Australian Salt-grass Distichlis distichophylla Plantae Beaded Samphire Salicornia quinqueflora Plantae Bidgee-widgee Acaena novae-zelandiae Plantae black wattle Acacia mearnsii Plantae brambles Rubus Plantae Buck's-horn Plantain Plantago coronopus Plantae Capeweed Arctotheca calendula Plantae cat's-ears Hypochaeris radicata Plantae Clammy goosefoot Dysphania pumilio Plantae Climbing saltbush Chenopodium nutans Plantae Coast Flax-Lily Dianella brevicaulis Plantae cock's-foot Dactylis glomerata Plantae common boobialla Myoporum insulare Plantae common chickweed Stellaria media Plantae Common Sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus Plantae common stork's-bill Erodium cicutarium Plantae Common Vetch Vicia sativa Plantae Dwarf Nettle Urtica urens Plantae Eurabbie Eucalyptus globulus Plantae European blackberry complex Rubus fruticosus Plantae fat hen Chenopodium album Plantae fourleaf manyseed Polycarpon tetraphyllum Plantae Greater Quaking Grass Briza maxima Plantae Horehound Marrubium vulgare Plantae Jellybeans Disphyma clavellatum Plantae kangaroo-apple Solanum laciniatum Plantae kidney weed Dichondra repens Plantae Knobby Clubrush Ficinia nodosa Plantae Kokihi Tetragonia implexicoma Plantae lucerne Medicago sativa Plantae Manna gum Eucalyptus viminalis viminalis Plantae Mirror bush Coprosma repens Plantae Monterey cypress Cupressus macrocarpa Plantae musk stork's-bill Erodium moschatum Plantae narrow-leaved vetch Vicia sativa nigra Plantae New Zealand Celery Apium prostratum filiforme Plantae orache Atriplex prostrata Plantae Purple Dewplant Disphyma crassifolium Plantae rough dog's-tail Cynosurus echinatus Plantae Salsify Tragopogon porrifolius Plantae Seaberry Saltbush Rhagodia candolleana Plantae Seaberry Saltbush Rhagodia candolleana candolleana Plantae Sheep's sorrel Rumex acetosella Plantae Shore Celery Apium prostratum Plantae Silver Banksia Banksia marginata Plantae Small-flowered Catchfly Silene gallica Plantae Spiny-headed Mat-rush Lomandra longifolia Plantae Spotted medick Medicago arabica Plantae Sticky hop-bush Dodonaea viscosa Plantae sweet briar Rosa rubiginosa Plantae Tasmanian Blue Gum Eucalyptus globulus globulus Plantae Tasmanian flax-lily Dianella tasmanica Plantae variegated thistle Silybum marianum Plantae White Correa Correa alba Reptilia Blotched Bluetongue Tiliqua nigrolutea

Short-tailed shearwater and little penguin colonies, Smooth Island.

Geology

Smooth Island geological survey

Smooth Island consists of diabase or dolerite rock, a subvolcanic intrusion that probably occurred from 56 to 33.9 million years ago during the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic era.[17] A geological survey identified consolidated, brownish, fine-grained quartz sandstone occurring on the island's north-east coastline at approximately 2 metres (6.6 ft) above sea level, covered by sand. It was said to be similar to the sandstone samples retrieved from South Arm that contained numerous fossils but no fossils were found in the samples taken from Smooth Island.[18][19] The western aspect of the island contains dolerite (tholeiitic) with locally developed granophyre from the Jurassic period. The water table is classified as a surficial sediment aquifer (porous media – unconsolidated).[20]

Because the island predominantly has a sloping hard rock shore, there is little vulnerability to flooding or erosion due to a rise in sea level.[21] A coastal acid sulfate soil analysis produced a result of "extremely low" along the north and north-east side of the island.[21]

Marine ecology

Pie chart depicting the types of fish found along the east coast of Smooth island between 1995 and 1996

The marine habitat of Smooth Island

Smooth Island is surrounded by a low-profile reef. A region of gravel or hard sand extends from the reef on the eastern coast towards King George Island and King George Sound. The reef on the western coast is surrounded by sand and a body of silt approaches the south-west coast of the island. Between Smooth Island and King George Island lies a dense bed of seagrass (Halophila australis) and eelgrass (Zostera tasmanica) covering about 12.5 hectares (31 acres).[22] Studies have found dense populations of South Australian cobbler (Gymnapistes marmoratus) within this region because this fish prefers patchy beds of eelgrass.[23] The island's east coast has the densest concentration of Little weed whiting (Neoodax balteatus) in Norfolk Bay; an assessment in 1995–1996 revealed that 88% of the fish caught were of the species Little Rock Whiting (Neoodax balteatus) and Bridled Leatherjacket (Acanthaluteres spilomelanurus).[24]

A species of red algae (Rhabdonia verticillata)[25][26] has been found close to the island.[27] The fish species flathead, trumpeter, perch, cod and Australian salmon can be found in the waters immediately surrounding the island. Dolphins are frequently sighted and killer whales (Orcinus orca) [28] are infrequently sighted near the island.[29][30] The Spotted handfish and the Live-bearing Seastar (Parvulastra vivipara) are threatened marine species that may be present in the waters surrounding Smooth Island.[31] A killer whale was identified 1 km (0.62 mi) north-east of the current lighthouse position. Several humpback whales were spotted near Smooth Island in June 2017.[32]

Ecological rehabilitation

The terrestrial ecosystem of Smooth Island has been damaged by overgrazing and slashing-and-burning,[33] and through the commercial hunting of wildlife.[34] The island's natural vegetation has been largely displaced by exotic grass, thistle, bracken, scattered eucalypts and African boxthorn bushes. Between 0.86 ha (2.1 acres)[35] and 18 ha (44 acres) of shearwater rookeries are present on Smooth Island and the impact of repeated fires on these habitats has been studied.[33] The island' current owners intend to systematically restore its native ecosystem. Since March 2014, a diverse range of native Tasmanian flora have been planted throughout the island.[36] Remnant eucalypts are also expected to seed on the island's south-east coast since grazing has ceased.

History

Toponymy

Matthew Flinders discovered the island on 15 December 1798 and named it "Smooth Island" on his contemporaneous maps[37][38] but the island does not appear on his 1814 map.[39] In 1824 Thomas Scott referred to the island as "Garden Island" on his maps. The origins of this are not entirely clear, and other sources are inconclusive about the above assertions.[40] and state that the island was first named on a map by "Cross (1830)" and "Frankland" (1837)", before stating several pages later that the island was first named "Smooth Island".

According to a 1911 newspaper article, the island "is not named in the map of D'Entrecasteaux, even though it was marked".[41] During the early 21st century, Smooth Island was occasionally listed as "Lot 1 Norfolk Bay, Dunalley TAS 7177" on some real-estate classifieds.[42]

Much confusion exists about the names of many of the islands in South East Tasmania. Garden Island has become an alternative name for both Green Island[43] and Smooth Island. A newspaper article from 1836 refers to a Garden Island in the Pembroke Land District.[44][45]

Structures

Formal survey of Smooth Island, 1863

A survey of Smooth Island was completed on 14 July 1863; it reveals the presence of the original jetty, a spring and a guano excavation site on the island. Until 2014, a lighthouse with the international marker identifier K 3621.2 was present on Smooth Island; Marine and Safety Tasmania moved it following demands by the island's owners.[note 22][46][note 23][47]

Potential uses

Smooth Island's south and west coasts have alkaline soil while the east slope has acidic soil.[48] The crops with the greatest yield potential are as follows:[48]

• Table wine grapes[note 24]
• Sparkling wine grapes[note 25]
• Industrial hemp[note 26]
• Pyrethrum[note 26]
• Blueberries [note 27]
• Phosphate mining: on 13 October 1941, the viability of mining phosphate on Smooth Island was assessed but was determined to not be viable.[49]

Artwork

Painting inspired by Smooth Island

Smooth Island has been the subject of two notable paintings: Michael Weitnauer's Norfolk Bay[50][51] and Dale Frank's "Dunalley, Smooth Island".[52] It has been mentioned in poems such as "Two Kinds of Silence" by Kathryn Lomer:[53]

I could lose or find myself
in this private Bermuda triangle-
Connelly's Bay, Lime Bay, Smooth Island;

In the dusk Smooth Island's navigation light
begins to blink its code name
to sailors bound for Dunalley[53]

Gallery

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See also

• Media related to Smooth Island (Tasmania) at Wikimedia Commons
• List of islands of Tasmania

Footnotes

1. Sommers Bay Road, Murdunna, Tas 7173
2. 42.945952°S 147.855128°E
3. Tiger Head Rd, Dodges Ferry, Tas 7173
4. 42.857603°S 147.611366°E
5. 52 Carlton Beach Rd, Dodges Ferry, Tas 7173
6. 42.857818°S 147.617753°E
7. 48 Liverpool St, Hobart, Tas 7000
8. 42.879905°S 147.329534°E
9. 126 Arthur Hwy, Dunalley, Tas 7177
10. 42.887223°S 147.810238°E
11. 17 Constance St, Dunalley, Tas 7177
12. 42.889719°S 147.805765°E
13. 119 Arthur Hwy, Dunalley, Tas 7177
14. 42.887226°S 147.812031°E
15. 168 Arthur Hwy, Dunalley, Tas 7177
16. 42.889480°S 147.806124°E
17. Cole Street, Sorell, Tas 7172
18. 42.782389°S 147.566468°E
19. North Peak: 42.9444°S 147.78219°E. South Peak:42.94877°S 147.7862°E. Saddle: 42.9461°S 147.78472°E
20. Measured on 30 December 2015 using barometric function of Garmin Monterra. Sea level calibrated to 0 metres when tide was at 1.11 metres (3 ft 8 in). After the first set of measurements the device was recalibrated to sea level (−7 centimetres (−2.8 in)) and the altitude of the three features was reassessed, increasing the altitude of all points by 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). It is the second set of measurements which have been recorded. Conditions: pressure 1,015.4 hectopascals (14.727 psi), humidity 53%, 20.4 kilometres (12.7 mi) NE wind, no rain, dew point 12.7 °C (54.9 °F).
21. Other data suggests the north peak is 39.95m above sea level, and south peak 36.81m above sea level. See this link for evidence: https://nationalmap.gov.au/#share=s-q72xKS4VDZxQGQcWFC1O5quHmWm
22. To the following location: 42.9399167°S 147.7812667°E
23. The specifications of the light remain unchanged since this relocation. Its height is 2 metres (6 ft 7 in). The light's range was 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) in clear weather. It is a stainless steel pole in the water. The technical specifications of the lighthouse are: FL(3)W, period 6.1 seconds (i.e.: a cluster of 3 flashes of a white light is produced, which repeats every 6.1 seconds)
24. 'Highly suitable' area: Most of the west side of the island – in addition to the south east side (near the shack, north of Crap Rock). 'Suitable' area: The remainder of the island.
25. 'Highly suitable' area: Along a channel from the saddle to the south peak. 'Suitable' area: The remainder of the island.
26. 'Highly suitable': A small patch at the very top of the north peak.
27. 'Highly suitable': isolated patches, and most of the rest of the island is classified as 'suitable'.

References

1. Nigel Brothers; David Pemberton; Helen Pryor; Vanessa Halley (1 May 2001). Tasmania's offshore islands: seabirds and other natural features. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. ISBN 978-0-7246-4816-0.
2. "Map i Tenure". Parks.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
3. "LISTmap – Land Information System Tasmania". maps.thelist.tas.gov.au.
4. "Tasman Interim Planning Scheme 2015". www.iplan.tas.gov.au.
5. Ionata Digital. "Murdunna Boat Ramp". MAST. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
6. "Ambulance Service – Dodges Ferry – Department of Health and Human Services". dhhs.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
7. "Doctors, GPs & Medical Centres in Dodges Ferry, TAS 7173". HealthEngine. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
8. "Royal Hobart Hospital – Hospitals". dhhs.tas.gov.au.
9. "Tasmania Police". police.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
10. "Oz Towers, Search for towers in your area". oztowers.com.
11. "Service Stations in Dunalley, TAS 7177 Australia | Whereis®". www.whereis.com.
12. "Dunalley General Store". womo.com.au. 9 August 2009.
13. "Recreational Fishing". dpipwe.tas.gov.au.
14. Great Britain. Hydrographic Dept (1982). Australia pilot: South, south-east and east coasts of Australia from Green Cape to Port Jackson, including Bass Strait and Tasmania. Hydrographer of the Navy.
15. "Climate statistics for Australian locations". bom.gov.au. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
16. "Smooth Island (Tasmania)". iNaturalist.org.
17. Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. Mineral Resources of Australia: Summary reports.
18. "Sorell Map" (PDF). Mrt.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
19. A. B. Gulline, B.Sc. "Geological Survey Explanatory Report: Sorrell" (PDF). Tasmania Department of Mines. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
20. "NationalMap". nationalmap.gov.au.
21. "Listmap: Land Information System Tasmania". Maps.thelist.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
22. "Mapping of Inshore Marine Habitats" (PDF). Imas.utas.edu.au. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
23. "FRDC 1994" (PDF). 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
24. http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/743313/Assessment-of-Inshore-Habitats-Around-Tasmania-For-Life-History-Stages-of-Commerical-Finfish-.pdf
25. "Rhabdonia verticillata" (PDF). Flora.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
26. "Rhabdonia verticillata, State Herbarium of South Australia". flora.sa.gov.au. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
27. Blackman, Adrian J; Matthews, David J (1982). "Halogenated phloroglucinols from Rhabdonia verticillata". Phytochemistry. 21 (8): 2141–2142. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(82)83072-0.
28. "18 Jul 1894 – SHIPPING. ARRIVED.—Yesterday". nla.gov.au. 18 July 1894. p. 2.
29. "Murdunna – RBasket (Real Estate Basket), Best Search Engine for Real Estate". rbasket.com.au. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
30. "Murdunna TAS 7178". Domain. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
31. http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/threatfauna.pdf
32. "ABC OPEN: Smooth Island in Norfolk Bay – From Project: Pic of the Week". open.abc.net.au.
33. Brothers, N.; Harris, S. (1999). "The effects of fire on burrow-nesting seabirds particularly short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) and their habitat in Tasmania" (PDF). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania. 133: 15–22. doi:10.26749/rstpp.133.1.15. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
34. "Currawong Lakes : What's New for 2010" (PDF). Currawonglakes.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
35. "DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF SHORT-TAILED SHEARWATERS PUFFINUS TENUIROSTRIS IN TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA" (PDF). Marineornithology.org. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
36. "An island of your own". Mercury. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
37. M Flinders (1798). "Chart of Terra Australis" (JPG). Gutenberg.net.au. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
38. Johann Jakob Egli (1871). Nomina geographica: Versuch e. allgem. geogr. Onomatologie. Brandstetter.
39. "09 Sep 1911 – TASMANIAN NOMENCLATURE. THE PLACE-NAMES OF THE I..." nla.gov.au. 9 September 1911. p. 10.
40. "The E. R. Pretyman index to Tasmanian place names". linctas.ent.sirsidynix.net.au.
41. "Tasmanian Nomenclature: The Place-Names of the State, a Record of Origins and Dates". Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 – 1954). Trove.nla.gov.au. 16 September 1911. p. 10. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
42. "Lot 1 Norfolk Bay, Dunalley, TAS 7177 – Bedroom House For Sale". domain.com.au. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
43. "History". Gtdhs.com. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
44. "15 Jan 1836 – Classified Advertising". nla.gov.au. 15 January 1836. p. 4. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
45. Matthew Flinders (1814). A Voyage to Terra Australia, Undertaken for the Purpose of Completing the Discovery of that Vast Country, and Prosecuted in the Years 1801, 1802, and 1803, in His Majesty's Ship the Investigator and Subsequently in the Armed Vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner, ... W. Bulmer and Company, Cleveland-Row, and published by G. and W. Nicol, bookseleers to His Majesty, Pall-Mall.
46. Ionata Digital. "M46-14 Smooth Island Light". MAST. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
47. Prostar Nga List of Lights, Radio AIDS and Fog Signals 2006 West Coasts of North and South America, Australia, Tasmania. ProStar Publications. 2006. ISBN 978-1-57785-715-0.
48. "LISTmap – Land Information System Tasmania".
49. "Phosphate Rock – Garden Island – Norfolk Bay" Department of State Growth, Government of Tasmania. Retrieved 20 February 2015
50. "Michael Weitnauer Artist". michaelweitnauer.
51. Prins, Stewart (7 January 2002). "Garden Island makes a winning work". The Mercury.
52. "ART  GALLERIES". schubertcontemporary.com.au. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
53. Kathryn Lomer (2010). Two Kinds of Silence. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-4587-8272-4.

External links

• Map of verified biological species identified on Smooth Island
• Map of introduced species found on Smooth Island
• Map of ecological rehabilitation on Smooth Island