SkySat

SkySat is a constellation of sub-meter resolution Earth observation satellites owned by Planet Labs, providing imagery, high-definition video and analytics services.[1][2] Planet acquired the satellites with their purchase of Terra Bella (formerly Skybox Imaging), a Mountain View, California-based company founded in 2009 by Dan Berkenstock, Julian Mann, John Fenwick, and Ching-Yu Hu,[3] from Google in 2017.[4]

"Terra Bella" redirects here. For the US city, see Terra Bella, California.

Overview
SkySat image of Apple Park taken in May 2017.
SkySat off-nadir image of Fitz Roy

The resolution of the SkySat satellite imagery and videos is high enough to observe objects that impact the global economy such as terrain, cars and shipping containers. The satellites can capture video clips lasting up to 90 seconds at 30 frames per second.[5] The high-definition satellite video from SkySat satellites "could help us understand our world better by analyzing movement of goods and people, providing visual data about supply chains, shipping, industrial plant activity, and even humanitarian relief efforts".[5]

The constellation's goal is to be able to provide high-resolution satellite imagery of any place on Earth multiple times a day.[6] When Skybox originally developed the satellites, they planned to "change the nature" of the satellite industry by building satellites with "off-the-shelf" electronics that cost under US$50 million.[7]

History

By April 2012, Skybox Imaging had raised a total of US$91 million of private capital from Khosla Ventures, Bessemer Venture Partners, Canaan Partners and Norwest Venture Partners to develop the SkySat constellation.[6]

On 21 November 2013, the first satellite, SkySat-1, was launched on a Dnepr rocket from Dombarovsky Air Base, Russia.[8] Less than a month later, on 11 December 2013, the first images captured by the SkySat-1 satellite, of Perth, Abu Dhabi, and the coast of Somalia, were released.[9] The second satellite, SkySat-2, launched on a Soyuz-2/Fregat rocket from Baikonur, Kazakhstan on 8 July 2014.[10] The company plans to eventually launch a fleet of 24 satellites.[11] and released its first images within 48 hours of launch.[12]

On 10 February 2014, SSL announced that Skybox had awarded it a contract to build 13 more satellites based on a revised "SkySat C" design.[13][14] The first of these, Skysat-3, also referred to as SkySat-C1, was launched on 22 June 2016 by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C34.[15][16]

On 10 June 2014, Skybox Imaging announced that it had entered into an agreement to be acquired by Google for US$500 million.[17][18] The acquisition was completed on 1 August 2014.[18][4] Skybox Imaging changed its name to "Terra Bella" on 8 March 2016, to indicate its focus on image analytics.[19] The new name was partially based on the Terra Bella Avenue in Mountain View, California, where the company's headquarters are located.[20] Terra bella is Italian for "beautiful Earth". The name change was also partially due to perceived trademark infringement that came to light in the Google acquisition.

Four more SkySat units were launched on 16 September 2016, by the Vega rocket's seventh flight from Kourou.[21]

In 2017, Google sold Terra Bella and its SkySat satellite constellation to Planet Labs, adding to their existing fleet of around 50 satellites,[22] for an undisclosed price and entered into a multi-year agreement to purchase SkySat imaging data.[23] Planet Labs launched six more SkySat satellites, along with four Dove CubeSats, on a Minotaur-C rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base on 31 October 2017.[24][25] An additional two SkySat satellites and three Dove CubeSats were launched on a Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg on 3 December 2018.[26][27]

Satellite constellation

The SkySat satellites are based on the CubeSat concept, using inexpensive automotive grade electronics and fast commercially available processors,[28] but scaled up to approximately the size of a minifridge.[29] The satellites are approximately 80 cm long, compared to approximately 30 cm for a 3U CubeSat, and weigh 220 lbs.[29]

The first two prototype satellites (SkySat-1 and 2) were produced by Skybox Imaging in-house. They did not have a propulsion system.[30]

The other 13 satellites are manufactured by SSL,[31] the optical payloads are built by L3 Technologies,[32][25] and the satellite thrusters are provided by ECAPS.[33] The 13 SkySat-C satellites are slightly larger and heavier (with mass about 120 kg or 264 lbs) than the prototypes. They have a planned operational life of 6 years.[34]

The SkySat-C satellites were put on a 500 km sun-synchronous orbit.[34]

Three of Planet's commercial SkySat (SkySat-16, -17 and -18) Earth-imaging spacecraft launched on top of a stack of 58 SpaceX Starlink-8 satellites on 13 June 2020 aboard a Falcon 9 rocket,[35] and three more (SkySat-19, -20 and -21) hitched a ride on another SpaceX mission on August 18, 2020. Built by Maxar Technologies, each of the SkySat satellites weighs around 110 kg at launch. The SkySats are about the size of a mini-refrigerator, and their optical instruments produce images of Earth with a resolution of 50 cm, according to Planet.[36]

List of satellites

There have been 21 satellites launched.

NameAlt nameCOSPAR IDDate of launchRocketLaunch siteRefs
SkySat-12013-066C21 November 2013DneprDombarovsky Air Base, Russia[30]
SkySat-22014-037D8 July 2014Soyuz-2.1bBaikonur, Kazakhstan[30]
SkySat-3SkySat-C1
SkySat Gen2-1		2016-040C22 June 2016PSLV-XL C34SHAR, Sriharikota, India[34]
SkySat-4SkySat-C22016-058D16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou[34]
SkySat-5SkySat-C32016-058E16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou[34]
SkySat-6SkySat-C42016-058B16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou[34]
SkySat-7SkySat-C52016-058C16 September 2016VegaCentre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou[34]
SkySat-8SkySat-C62017-068F31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-9SkySat-C72017-068E31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-10SkySat-C82017-068D31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-11SkySat-C92017-068C31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-12SkySat-C102017-068B31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-13SkySat-C112017-068A31 October 2017Minotaur-C 3210Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-14SkySat-C122018-099AR3 December 2018Falcon 9 Block 5Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-15SkySat-C132018-099AW3 December 2018Falcon 9 Block 5Vandenberg Air Force Base[34]
SkySat-16SkySat-C142020-038BL13 June 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-40[34]
SkySat-17SkySat-C152020-038BM13 June 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-40[34]
SkySat-18SkySat-C162020-038BN13 June 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-40[34]
SkySat-19SkySat-C172020-057BQ18 August 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-40[34]
SkySat-20SkySat-C182020-057BR18 August 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-40[34]
SkySat-21SkySat-C192020-057BS18 August 2020Falcon 9 Block 5Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, SLC-40[34]

References
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  2. "Terra Bella Officially Joins Planet". planet.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
  3. Perry, Tekla S. (1 May 2013). "Start-up Profile: Skybox Imaging". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  4. Henry, Caleb (5 August 2014). "Google Closes Skybox Imaging Purchase". Via Satellite. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  5. Wogan, David (30 December 2013). "High-definition video from space is available for purchase finally". Scientific American. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  6. Burns, Matt (17 April 2012). "Skybox Imaging Raises US$70 million To Launch Two High-Resolution Imaging Microsatellites". TechCrunch. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  7. Truong, Alice (11 December 2013). "Proof That Cheaper Satellites Still Can Take Incredibly Detailed Photos of Earth". Fast Company. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  8. Clark, Stephen. "Silo-launched Dnepr rocket delivers 32 satellites to space". Website. Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  9. Truong, Alice. "Proof That Cheaper Satellites Still Can Take Incredibly Detailed Photos Of Earth". Website. Fast Company. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  10. Hearn, Mark. "Skybox Imaging successfully launches its SkySat-2 Earth observation satellite". Website. 9to5Google. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  11. Eisenberg, Anne (10 August 2013). "Microsatellites: What Big Eyes They Have". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  12. Henry, Caleb. "Skybox Imaging Releases First Images from SkySat 2". Website. Satellite Today. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  13. "Skybox Imaging Selects SSL To Build 13 Low Earth Orbit Imaging Satellites". sslmda.com. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  14. "Terra Bella Evaluating Launches for Eight SkySats by 2017". Satellite Today. Access Intelligence. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  15. "SkySat-3 First Light". Terra Bella Blog. Google, Inc. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
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  18. "Skybox Imaging + Google". 8 June 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  19. Lardinois, Frederic (8 March 2016). "Google renames its satellite startup, Skybox Imaging, to Terra Bella and adds focus on image analysis". TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  20. Protalinski, Emil (8 March 2016). "Google rebrands Skybox as Terra Bella, will launch "more than a dozen satellites" over the next few years". VentureBeat. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  21. Clark, Stephen (16 September 2016). "Vega rocket hauls up quintet of Earth observation satellites". Spaceflight Now.
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  23. "Google sells satellite imaging business Terra Bella to Planet Labs". Reuters. 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
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  25. "Planet Doubles Sub-1 Meter Imaging Capacity With Successful Launch of 6 SkySats". www.planet.com (Press release). Planet Labs Inc.
  26. Safyan, Mike (22 October 2018). "Two SkySat Satellites, Three Doves, and a Record-Breaking Launch on Spaceflight's SSO-A". Planet Labs, Inc.
  27. Wall, Mike (3 December 2018). "SpaceX Rocket Makes Historic 3rd Launch Into Space with 64 Satellites On Board". Space.com.
  28. "High-Performance Satellites". Skybox Imaging. Archived from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  29. "Inside a Startup's Plan to Turn a Swarm of DIY Satellites Into an All-Seeing Eye". wired.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  30. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/skysat-1.htm
  31. "High Resolution Smallsats Built by SSL Arrive at Vandenberg AFB for Launch". sslmda.com (Press release). Space Systems/Loral, LLC. 5 September 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  32. "REQUEST OF SKYBOX IMAGING, INC. FOR DETERMINATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH SATELLITE IMPLEMENTATION MILESTONES". Federal Communications Commission. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  33. Henry, Caleb (5 August 2016). "Terra Bella's SkySat 3 Green Propulsion System Declared Operational - Via Satellite". Via Satellite. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  34. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/skysat-3.htm
  35. "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  36. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/13/starlink-satellite-deployments-continue-with-successful-falcon-9-launch/ - 15 June 2010
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