Sindora siamensis

Sindora siamensis is a species of tree in the subfamily Detarioideae of the family Fabaceae (also known as the Legume family). It has an accepted infraspecific, the variety S. siamensis var. maritima (Pierre) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen. See taxon box to the right below, and below for details on the variety maritima. The nominate species (i.e. not the variety) is found in many countries in tropical Asia. Like several other species in the genus Sindora, its wood is considered valuable; the least concern conservation status[1] may reflect efforts to replant this species, but mortality rates are high.[6] As well as the wood, the plant provides raw material for chemical products, food and drink, and domestic utensils.

Sindora siamensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Sindora
Species:
S. siamensis
Binomial name
Sindora siamensis
Teijsm. ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 86 (1867)[2]
Synonyms
  • Galedupa cochinchinensis (Baill.) Prain[3]
  • G. siamensis (Teijsm.) Prain
  • Grandiera cochinchinensis Leféb. ex Baill.[3]
  • Sindora cochinchinensis Baill.[3]
  • Sindora siamensis var. siamensis
  • S. wallichii var. siamensis (Teijsm.) Baker

Sindora siamensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Sindora
Species:
S. s. var. maritima
Binomial name
Sindora siamensis var. maritima
(Pierre) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 18: 126 (1980)[4]
Synonyms
  • Galedupa maritima Pierre[5]
  • Sindora maritima Pierre

Description

Sindora siamensis is a large evergreen tree. In Cambodia it grows 6-12m tall.[7][8] The fruit has thorns. The diameter at breast height of trees in forests of Kampong Thom Province, central Cambodia, ranges from 47 to 70 cm, averaging around 58±10 cm.[9]

Habitat and ecology

The tree is found in open semi-deciduous, seasonal tropical forests,[1] including open Dipterocarpus forests and secondary formations in Mainland Southeast Asia.[7] It is preyed on by the moth Cladobrostis melitricha.[10] In Choam Takong (choam=permanently inundated evergreen swamp forest, Khmer), Stung Treng Province, northeastern Cambodia, S. siamensis is infrequently found growing up to 12m in seasonally inundated and upland (not inundated) areas, under a 30m canopy dominated by Shorea guiso, Myristica iners and Livistona saribus.[8]

Distribution

The plant is found in Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and Bangladesh.[3] One of its localities in eastern Cambodia is Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary.[11] Large specimen trees and examples of replanting can be found in Cát Tiên National Park in Vietnam.

Conservation

While the plant is of Least Concern status in the IUCN RedList, there are ongoing threats of continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat.[1] Wood extraction is of particular concern. In Kampong Thom Province forests, central Cambodia, concessionary forest managers mainly cut the tree for wood rather than the large number of illegal wood-cutters.[9]

Vernacular names
  • มะค่าแต้[12], makha-nam,[1] makha-tae, makha-yum (Thai)
  • kâkâh,[7] kakoh[8] (Khmer)
  • korkoh (Kuy and/or Khmer speakers in north-central Cambodia)[13]
  • gụ mật, go mat[1] (Vietnamese)
  • thai you nan (Chinese)

Uses

As well as the wood, which is used for construction, ship-building, furniture-making and carvings,[1] the plant provides raw material for chemical products, food and drink, and domestic utensils.[3] The fruits are edible, and are sometimes chewed in a betel quid in Cambodia.[7] In that country, the wood graded as first (highest) category is especially favoured for floors, beams and columns in construction. The wood scraps and by product makes good charcoal. The bark is used to dye fishing nets.

Amongst Kuy- and Khmer-speaking people living in the same villages in Stung Treng and Preah Vihear provinces of north-central Cambodia, the tree is used as a source of highly-valued timber, medicine and food.[13] The villagers consider large trees of S. siamensis (among others) as possessing a spirit, which should be asked permission if you want to fell the tree. Some people are angry that illegal loggers and clearcutting companies seem not to be harmed, but these people continue to praise, respect and fear the tree-spirits.

Sindora siamensis var. maritima (Pierre) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen

Variety maritima is a 10-15m tall tree of secondary coastal forests of Southeast Asia.[14] It differs from the nominate species by having thornless fruit. These are also edible. The wood is of bad quality and only used as firewood. Its names in Khmer are kâkâh sbaèk and kâkâh prê:k. Nations where trees of this variety are found are Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos.[5]

References
  1. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Sindora siamensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 1998: e.T33242A9770793. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33242A9770793.en. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  2. "Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 86 (1867)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  3. "Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Science. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  4. "Sindora siamensis var. maritima (Pierre) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen, Fl. Cambodge, Laos & Vietnam 18: 126 (1980): (1980)". International Plant Name Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  5. "Sindora siamensis var. maritima (Pierre) K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen". Plants of the World Online (POWO). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew/Science. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  6. Millet, J Reforestation of Dipterocarp forests on denuded area of Cat Tien National Park in Dong Nai Province, Viet Nam. (retrieved 28 December 2016)
  7. Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. p. 560.
  8. Ida Theilade; Lars Schmidt; Phourin Chhang; J. Andrew McDonald (2011). "Evergreen swamp forest in Cambodia: floristic composition, ecological characteristics, and conservation status" (PDF). Nordic Journal of Botany. 29: 71–80. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.01003.x. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  9. Ito, Eriko; Furuya, Naoyuki; Tith, Bora; & others (2010). "Estimatin diameter at breast height from measurements of illegally logged stumps in Cambodian Lowland Dry Evergreen Forest". JARQ. jircas.affrc.go.jp. 44 (4): 435–46. doi:10.6090/jarq.44.435. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  10. "Sindora siamensis Miq". EoL. eol.org. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  11. "Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq". GBIF. GBIF Secretariat. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  12. "มะค่าแต้". ยินดีต้อนรับสู่วิกิพีเดีย. wikipedia.org. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  13. Turreira Garcia, Nerea; Argyriou, Dimitrios; Chhang, Phourin; Srisanga, Prachaya; Theilade, Ida (2017). "Ethnobotanical knowledge of the Kuy and Khmer people in Prey Lang, Cambodia" (PDF). Cambodian Journal of Natural History. Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, Phnom Penh (1): 76–101. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  14. Pauline Dy Phon (2000). Plants Utilised In Cambodia/Plantes utilisées au Cambodge. Phnom Penh: Imprimerie Olympic. pp. 560–1.
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