Sidney Pestka

Sidney Pestka (May 29, 1936 – December 22, 2016) was an American biochemist and geneticist. A recipient of the National Medal of Technology, he is sometimes referred to as the "father of interferon" for his groundbreaking work developing the interferons as treatments for major diseases such as hepatitis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer.[1] Pestka was part of the team working on research involving the genetic code, protein synthesis and ribosome function that led to the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine received by Marshall Warren Nirenberg.

Sidney Pestka
Sidney Pestka (middle) receives the National Medal of Technology from President George W. Bush (right)
Born(1936-05-29)May 29, 1936
Drobin, Płock County, Poland
Died(2016-12-22)December 22, 2016
Alma materPrinceton University
University of Pennsylvania
Awards1977 Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology
2001 National Medal of Technology
2001 Seymour and Vivian Milstein Award
2003 Warren Alpert Prize
2006 Lemelson–MIT Prize Lifetime Achievement Award
Scientific career
InstitutionsNational Heart Institute
National Cancer Institute
Roche Institute of Molecular Biology
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
PBL Assay Science

Early life and education

Sidney Pestka was born on May 29, 1936 in the Polish town of Drobin, which is located in what is now known as Płock County ("powiat płocki"). His family emigrated to the United States a few years later. When he was a young boy, he began inventing devices. "It was stimulating to see chemicals change the color of fluids, to construct crystal radios, and to make caramel from sugar—however, my mother’s pots and pans were never the same afterward. It seemed that I constantly thought about new ideas to implement. As a teenager I developed an electronic security key and many other devices, but I did not know about patents at that time." [2] Both his parents encouraged his curiosity; his mother taught him mathematics when he was very young and his father shared his own hobby of building bicycles with basic parts.

In 1957, he graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University with a degree in chemistry. He went on to the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and completed his MD in 1961. Dr. Pestka completed his pediatric and medical internship at Baltimore City Hospital, after which he joined the National Heart Institute in 1962. Here he worked in the laboratory of Dr. Marshall W. Nirenberg, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 for "breaking the genetic code."

Research

While in the Nirenberg Laboratory, he discovered how the genetic code of the mRNA is translated into protein through the small ribosomal subunit, a discovery that was contrary to the scientific thinking at that time. This early work helped create new fundamental tenets about the mechanism of protein biosynthesis and antibiotic action.

In 1966, he moved to the National Cancer Institute, where for three years he continued his research on protein synthesis, and began investigations in other areas. It was here that he first learned about interferons. Scientists first observed interferon in the 1950s, and when they learned that human cells secreted the substance it was postulated that interferon could hold the key to beneficial antiviral properties. Pestka became very interested in interferon.

For the next 16 years, he worked ways to produce clinically relevant quantities of interferon at reasonable cost. Among other advances, he developed reversed phase HPLC for the purification of proteins.[3] Until that time, it was believed that reversed phase HPLC would denature proteins. He also developed the procedure to clone interferons.[4] These advances led to the first recombinant biotherapeutic, Roferon-A, an alpha interferon.[5]

Work

In 1969, he joined the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology in Nutley, New Jersey, where he initiated the work on interferon.

His work with IFN-α has led to cancer therapy with interferons and the use of interferon for the treatment of chronic Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C preventing development of liver cancer due to hepatitis. IFN-α is approved for treatment of a number of cancers and is the only approved treatment for advanced melanoma. His developments related to IFN-β led to its use for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

From 1986 to 2011, he served as Professor and Chairman of the Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology at UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in Piscataway, New Jersey. With his wife Joan Pestka, in 1990 he founded PBL Assay Science, a company focused on helping researchers solve difficult assay development and protein quantification problems. The company initially supplied interferon proteins and antibodies to research scientists, reagents that Pestka had developed over the course of his scientific career but were not readily available. The company later developed a line of interferon ELISA immunoassay kits, human cell-expressed cytokines, and growth factor offerings, and expanded assay services capabilities to include ultrasensitive cytokine detection services. At the time of his death he was Emeritus Professor of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.

Patents

While at the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, he generated a large portfolio of groundbreaking patents for Hoffmann-La Roche. In 1993, he was inducted into the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame. His work is the basis for a number of U.S. and foreign patents. Interferon is a major product of several U.S. and foreign companies many of which license interferon under his patents, including Schering-Plough, Hoffmann-La Roche, Amgen, Biogen and Berlex.

Awards and honors

At a White House ceremony in June 2002, President George W. Bush honored him with the 2001 National Medal of Technology. He was cited for his "pioneering achievements that led to the development of the biotechnology industry, to the first recombinant interferons for the treatment of cancers, leukemias, viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis; to fundamental technologies leading to other biotherapeutics; and for basic scientific discoveries in chemistry, biochemistry, genetic engineering and molecular biology from protein biosynthesis to receptors and cell signaling."[6] He also received the 1977 Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology, the 2001 Seymour and Vivian Milstein Award from the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research,[7] the 2003 Warren Alpert Prize[8] from Harvard, and the 2006 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award,[9] the 2009 Molecular Biology Medal from the National Institutes of Health for his role in deciphering the genetic code and the mechanism of protein synthesis, and the 2010 Edward J. Ill Outstanding Medical Research Scientist Award for Basic Biomedical Research.[10]

Publications

He has published over 600 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited five books, three of which are classic reference books about interferons in the Methods in Enzymology series.

  • "Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Biosynthesis (Molecular Biology)" (Academic Press, 1977) ISBN 0-12-744250-2
  • "Methods in Enzymology Volume 78: Interferons, Part A" (Academic Press, 1981) ASIN B002JBOWGG
  • "Methods in Enzymology Volume 79: Interferons, Part B" (Academic Press, 1982) ISBN 0-12-181979-5
  • "Methods in Enzymology Volume 119: Interferons Part C" (Academic Press, 1986) ISBN 0-12-182019-X
  • "Cytokine Yearbook Volume 1" (Springer, 1996) ISBN 0-7923-3876-6

References
  1. Xin-Yuan Liu; Sidney Pestka; Yu-Fang Shi (2012). Recent Advances in Cancer Research and Therapy. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-397833-2.
  2. 2006 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award Winner
  3. Rubinstein, M.; Rubinstein, S.; Familletti, P. C.; Miller, R. S.; Waldman, A. A.; Pestka, S. (1979-02-01). "Human leukocyte interferon: production, purification to homogeneity, and initial characterization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 76 (2): 640–644. Bibcode:1979PNAS...76..640R. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.2.640. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 383004. PMID 284389.
  4. Maeda, S.; McCandliss, R.; Gross, M.; Sloma, A.; Familletti, P. C.; Tabor, J. M.; Evinger, M.; Levy, W. P.; Pestka, S. (1980-12-01). "Construction and identification of bacterial plasmids containing nucleotide sequence for human leukocyte interferon". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 77 (12): 7010–7013. Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.7010M. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.12.7010. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 350430. PMID 6164056.
  5. "C&EN: COVERSTORY - BIOPHARMACEUTICALS". pubs.acs.org. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  6. 2001 Recipients of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation
  7. Sidney Pestka, M.D.: 2001 Milstein Award Laureate
  8. "Prize Recipients | Warren Alpert Foundation Prize". warrenalpert.org. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  9. "Sidney Pestka | Lemelson-MIT Program". lemelson.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  10. "2010 Edward J. Ill Excellence in Medicine Awards® Honorees". www.ejiawards.org. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
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