Schlesinger v. Ballard

Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U.S. 498 (1975), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld a federal statute granting female Naval officers four more years of commissioned service before mandatory discharge than male Naval officers.[1][2] A group of naval officers who were discharged prior to their tenth year of commissioned service, as a result of not being promoted, received a lower rate of separation pay than female officers who were permitted to remain in service longer and receive three additional promotion board opportunities. As a result, the female officers who failed to be promoted received a higher rate of separation pay over their male counterparts. Ballard, a male officer who was passed over earned $15,000 in separation pay, but if he had been a similarly situated female officer, he argued that he would have received over $200,000 in separation pay. Ballard had also served as an enlisted sailor, but his eighteen years of total service was not enough to earn a military retirement. Although Justice Harry Blackmun's clerk pointed this out in a memorandum, Blackmun responded "We are first of all, dealing with the military and not with some civilian set-up, and I suppose this adds a protective factor to the government's position."[3]

Schlesinger v. Ballard
Argued October 15, 1974
Decided January 15, 1975
Full case nameJames R. Schlesinger, Secretary of Defense, et al. v. Ballard
Citations419 U.S. 498 (more)
95 S. Ct. 572; 42 L. Ed. 2d 610; 1975 U.S. LEXIS 22; 9 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (BNA) 33; 9 Empl. Prac. Dec. (CCH) ¶ 9894
Case history
PriorAppeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California
Holding
The Court upheld a federal statute that granted female Naval officers four more years of commissioned service before mandatory discharge than male Naval officers.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Warren E. Burger
Associate Justices
William O. Douglas · William J. Brennan Jr.
Potter Stewart · Byron White
Thurgood Marshall · Harry Blackmun
Lewis F. Powell Jr. · William Rehnquist
Case opinions
MajorityStewart, joined by Burger, Blackmun, Powell, Rehnquist
DissentBrennan, joined by Douglas, Marshall
DissentWhite

Decision

A federal statute granted female Naval officers thirteen years of commissioned service while allowing only nine years of commissioned service for male Naval officers before mandatory discharge. The Supreme Court held that the law passed intermediate scrutiny equal protection analysis because women, excluded from combat duty, had fewer opportunities for advancement in the military. The Court found the statute to directly compensate for the past statutory barriers to advancement did violate the Constitution.[4] The Court' approach to the appeal was, unlike Frontiero v. Richardson, part of a line of appeals in which it displayed deference to the military.

References
  1. Schlesinger v. Ballard, 419 U.S. 498 (1975).
  2. Varat, J.D. et al. Constitutional Law Cases and Materials, Concise Thirteenth Edition. Foundation Press, NY: 2009, p. 583
  3. Joshua E. Kastenberg, Shaping U.S. Military Law: Governing a Constitutional Military. (London: Ashgate Press, 2013), 154-55
  4. Varat, p. 583
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