Schizolobium parahyba

Schizolobium parahyba, the Brazilian firetree, or Brazilian fern tree, is a tree species from tropical America, notable for its fast growth (up to 3 meters per year).[1] According to Francis Hallé, this tree may even reach 30 meters high in only five years, which would make it one of the fastest growing trees ever (an average growth of 6 meters per year).[2]

Schizolobium parahyba
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Caesalpinioideae
Genus:
Schizolobium
Species:
S. parahyba
Binomial name
Schizolobium parahyba
(Vell.) S.F.Blake
Dehisced pod and seeds

The tree is locally known by many names, including guapuruvu, guapiruvu, bacurubu, ficheira ("token tree"), faveira ("fava tree"), pau-de-vintém ("penny-wood"), pau-de-tamanco ("clog-wood"), umbela, and parica. It was first described by J. M. C. Vellozo in 1825 under the name Cassia parahyba. The species name likely refers to the Paraíba River in Southeast Brazil.

Description

The mature tree typically has a straight trunk, up to 40 meters tall and 80 cm wide, that branches out only near the top. The bark is smooth and gray-green except by the scars left by fallen leaves. The leaves are bipinnate, a metre or more in length, with a green stem and 30–50 opposite pinnae, each with 40–60 leaflets 2–3 cm long; they are clustered near the end of the branches, and fall off completely in the dry season.[3] Young individuals, often unbranched and with leaves over 2 meters long, may be mistaken for ferns or palms.

The numerous bright yellow nectar-producing flowers, about 3.5 cm in diameter, bloom from October through December in the Southern Hemisphere, after the leaves have fallen off. In Southeast Brazil they are visited chiefly by bees Centris labrosa, Centris varia, Xylocopa frontalis and Megachille species.[1] The fruits ripen between April and June. Each fruit is a tadpole-like pod about 10 cm long, containing a single oval seed, smooth and brown.[3]

Diffusion
Trunk of a young tree showing leaf-stalk scars.

The native range spans from Central America to southern Brazil. It is sun-loving and prefers open and semi-open areas; it is quite rare in densely forested areas.[3]

Uses
Necklaces made from yvapuruvu seeds in Tobati (Paraguay).

The wood is odorless, straw-colored, soft and light (density 0.32 to 0.39 g/cm3, increasing with age). Formerly used for dugout canoes, it is now used for toys, boxes, shoe heels, the inner layers of laminated wood, and paper.[3][4] It is easily cultivated, yielding 600 m3 of wood per hectare after 10 years.[4]

The leaves contain water-soluble substances that act as antidotes to the bites of Bothrops snakes.[5]

The seeds are used traditionally as beads and buttons.[6]

References
  1. I. Sazima, Mardiore Pinheiro and Marlies Sazima (2009), "A presumed case of functional convergence between the flowers of Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae) and species of Malpighiaceae". Plant Systematics and Evolution volume 281, issue 1-4, pages 247-250 doi:10.1007/s00606-009-0193-5
  2. Hallé, Francis (2005). Plaidoyer pour l'arbre, p. 57 (Actes Sud)
  3. Lorenzi, Harri (1992). "Árvores brasileiras: Manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativa do Brasil." Editora Plantarum. 368 pages.
  4. Geraldo Bortoletto and Ugo Leandro Belini (2003), "Produção de lâminas e manufatura de compensados a partir da madeira de guapuruvu (Schizolobium parayba Blake) proveniente de um plantio misto de espécies nativas", Cerne volume 9, issue 1, pages 16–28.
  5. Luis Henrique F Vale, Mirian M Mendes, Renata S Fernandes, Tássia R Costa, Lorane I S Hage-Melim, Maicon A Sousa, Amélia Hamaguchi, Maria I Homsi-Brandeburgo, Suzelei C França, Carlos H T P Silva, Paulo S Pereira, Andreimar M Soares, Veridiana M Rodrigues (2011) "Protective Effect of Schizolobium Parahyba Flavonoids Against Snake Venoms and Isolated Toxins." Current Topics on Medicinal Chemistry, PMID 21682680
  6. Ruth J. Smith (2005), "Botanical Beads of the World" Accessed on 2012-03-07.
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