Salix brachycarpa

Salix brachycarpa is a species of flowering plant in the willow family known by the common names barren-ground willow,[1][2] small-fruit willow[2][3][4][5] and shortfruit willow.[6][7]

Salix brachycarpa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Salix
Species:
S. brachycarpa
Binomial name
Salix brachycarpa

Distribution

The plant is native to North America, where it occurs throughout Alaska except for the Aleutian Islands and southeastern coastal region, in western and northern Canada, and in the contiguous United States in the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, and the Sierra Nevada in California.[1]

It grows in several types of habitat. It grows in coniferous forests and alpine habitat types, near rivers and streams, in bogs, muskegs, swamps, and moraines. It is common on floodplains, where it grows with other willow species and various shrubs. It can also be found on serpentine barrens, salt marshes, and salt flats. It easily colonizes wet places recently cleared of vegetation, such as gravel bars.[1]

Description

Salix brachycarpa is a shrub is low in stature or sometimes prostrate, growing up to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall. The stems are sometimes hairy and the smaller branchlets may be quite woolly. The leaves are also usually hairy, with woolly undersides. The species is dioecious, with male and female reproductive parts occurring on separate plants. The inflorescence is a catkin up to 5 centimeters long.[1][3] The plant produces tiny, downy seeds which are viable for just a few days but may germinate within 12 hours of hitting a suitable substrate.[1]

Varieties

There are at least two recognized varieties of this species of willow:

  • Salix brachycarpa var. brachycarpa is the typical variety.
  • Salix brachycarpa var. niphoclada is considered the arctic variety.[1]
  • Salix brachycarpa var. psammophila, a variety endemic to the Lake Athabasca sand dunes in northern Saskatchewan, Canada.[8][9]

A former subspecies, Salix brachycarpa subsp. niphoclada, is now synonymous with Salix niphoclada, another Alaskan willow species that is also commonly referred to as barren-ground willow.[4][10][11] Of note, barren-ground willow is also the common name of a third but distinct species of willow found in Alaska, Salix nummularia.[12]

Uses

On the Alaska North Slope, sites that supported this and other low-growing willow species before being disturbed for construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System were observed to have been recolonized by low-growing willows, including Salix brachycarpa, within four years after disturbance ceased. Natural regeneration of this and other low-growing willows was successful on moist riparian sites with silty soils, where they were mixed with the taller Alaska willow (Salix alaxensis), and on dry sites with fine-textured soils.[13]

This willow provides food for moose in interior Alaska, and it has been planted to restore moose habitat in the Alaska North Slope.[1] It is also planted in revegetation efforts and as a windbreak.[1]

S. brachycarpa is one of the few willows native to North America popularly in commercial cultivation.[14] The cultivar S. brachycarpa 'Blue Fox' is most popular, valued for its blue-gray foliage and low stature, reaching approximately 1 m in height.

Medicinal plant

Native Americans used parts of willows, including this species, for medicinal purposes, basket weaving, to make bows and arrows, and for building animal traps.[1]

References
  1. Coladonato, Milo. 1993 Salix brachycarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  2. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Salix brachycarpa Taxonomic Serial No.: 22510". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  3. Salix brachycarpa. Flora of North America.
  4. Argus, George W. (July 2004). "A Guide to the identification of Salix (willows) in Alaska, the Yukon Territory and adjacent regions" (PDF). Workshop on willow identification. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  5. Argus, George W. (2008). "A Guide to the identification of Salix (willows) in Alberta" (PDF). Workshop on willow identification. Devonian Botanical Garden, Jasper National Park, Alberta. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
  6. "Short-fruit Willow — Salix brachycarpa". Montana Field Guide. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  7. "Salix brachycarpa (Shortfruit willow)". Native plant database. Native Plant Information Network, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  8. Raup, Hugh M. (1936). "Phytogeographic studies in the Athabaska-Great Slave Lake region. I. Catalogue of the vascular plants". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 17 (4): 230–231. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  9. Salix brachycarpa Nuttall var. psammophila Raup. Flora of North America.
  10. Aiken, S.G.; Dallwitz, M.J.; Consaul, L.L.; McJannet, C.L.; Boles, R.L.; Argus, G.W.; Gillett, J.M.; Scott, P.J.; Elven, R.; LeBlanc, M.C.; Gillespie, L.J.; Brysting, A.K.; Solstad, H. & Harris, J.G. (2007). "Salix niphoclada Rydberg". Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. National Research Council of Canada. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
  11. Collet, Dominique M. (2004). Willows of Interior Alaska (PDF). US Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
  12. "PLANTS Profile for Salix nummularia Andersson (barren ground willow)". Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  13. Densmore, R. V.; Neiland, B. J.; Zasada, J. C.; Masters, M. A. (1987), "Planting willow for moose habitat restoration on the North Slope of Alaska, U.S.A.", Arctic and Alpine Research, 19 (4): 537–543, doi:10.2307/1551422, JSTOR 1551422
  14. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yulia_Kuzovkina/publication/237532641_Ornamental_willows_Salix_spp_for_alpine_and_small_urban_gardens/links/53ebaa0f0cf24f241f1351a7/Ornamental-willows-Salix-spp-for-alpine-and-small-urban-gardens.pdf
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