Salima Sultan Begum

Salima Sultan Begum (Urdu: سلیمہ سلطان بیگم, February 1539 – 2 January 1613)[2] was the fourth wife of the Mughal Emperor Akbar,[3] and the granddaughter of Babur.

Salima Sultan Begum
سلیمہ سلطان بیگم
Shahzadi of the Mughal Empire
Salima Begum and Abdul Rahim being escorted to Ahmedabad after Bairam Khan's assassination in 1561
Born23 February 1539
Died2 January 1613(1613-01-02) (aged 73)
Agra, India
Burial
Mandarkar Garden, Agra
SpouseBairam Khan (m. 1557–1561)
Akbar (m. 1561–1605 in Jalandhar)[1]
HouseTimurid (by birth)
FatherNuruddin Muhammad Mirza
MotherGulrukh Begum
ReligionIslam

Salima was the daughter of Akbar's paternal aunt, Gulrukh Begum, and her husband, the Viceroy of Kannauj, Nuruddin Muhammad Mirza. She was initially betrothed to Akbar's regent, Bairam Khan, by her maternal uncle, Humayun. The bride was probably a reward for the surpassing services done by Bairam for Humayun. The couple, who had a considerable age difference of approximately forty years, were married in 1557 after Akbar had succeeded Humayun as the third Mughal emperor. However, this brief union, which did not produce any children, lasted for only three years since Bairam Khan was assassinated by a band of Afghans in 1561. After his death, Salima was subsequently married to her first-cousin, Akbar.

Salima was a senior-ranking wife of Akbar and had much influence over her husband and his son, Jahangir.[4] She wielded major political influence in the Mughal court during her husband's reign as well as during his successor's (Jahangir) reign. Her name, however, appears in the histories as a reader, poet, who wrote under the pseudonym of Makhfi (مخفی, "Hidden One") and as pleading with Akbar for Jahangir's forgiveness.

She stands out in the early Mughal history and was known as the "Khadija of the era" (Khadija-uz-Zamani) for her wisdom.[5]

Family and lineage

Salima Sultan Begum was the daughter of Mughal princess Gulrukh Begum and her husband, the Viceroy of Kannauj, Nuruddin Muhammad Mirza.[6] Her father was the grandson of Khwaja Hasan Naqshbandi and was a scion of the illustrious Naqshbandi Khwajas,[7] who were held in great esteem and were related to Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza of the Timurid Empire through his son, Sultan Mahmud Mirza.[8]

Salima's mother, Gulrukh Begum, was a daughter of the first Mughal emperor Babur. The identity of the mother of Gulrukh Begum is disputed. In some sources her mother's name is mentioned as Saliha Sultan Begum, however this name is not mentioned in the Baburnama written by Babur himself or the Humayun-nama written by Gulbadan Begum, and therefore the existence of such a woman is questionable. She may also have been the daughter of Dildar Begum, who may have actually been the same woman as Saliha Sultan Begum.[9][10]

Gulrukh was thus, a half-sister of the second Mughal emperor Humayun and if she was Dildar's daughter a full-sister of Humayun's youngest brother, Hindal Mirza.[11]

Salima was, therefore, a half-cousin of Emperor Akbar and a first cousin of Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and Akbar's first wife and chief consort.[12][13] Gulrukh Begum, who was known for her beauty and accomplishments in the imperial household,[11] died four months after giving birth to her daughter.[14]

Education and accomplishments

Salima was a highly educated and accomplished woman,[15][16] has often been described as extremely talented,[17][18] and was both intellectual and tactful.[4] Proficient in Persian,[19] she was a gifted writer and a renowned poet of her time. She wrote under the pseudonym of Makhfi (مخفی, "Hidden One"), a pseudonym later adopted by her equally talented great-great-granddaughter, the gifted poetess, Princess Zeb-un-Nissa.[20] Salima was also a passionate lover of books and was very fond of reading.[21] She not only maintained a great library of her own, but freely used Akbar's library as well. Abdus Hayy, author of Ma'asir al-umara, quotes one of her famous couplets:

In my passion I called thy lock the 'thread of life'
I was wild and so uttered such an expression[22]

Akbar's court historian, Bada'uni, in his book Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh, gives one passage which throws light on Salima's love for books.[21] The passage runs thus: "On account of the book Khirad-afza, which had disappeared from the library and concerning Salima Sultan Begum's study of which the Emperor [Akbar] reminded me, an order was issued that my allowance should be stopped, and that they should demand the book of me." He adds that Abu'l Fazl did not lay his refutation before the Emperor, and he does not clear up the awkward doubt as to what he had done with Salima's desired book.[23]

Marriage to Bairam Khan (1557–1561)
Bairam Khan is assassinated by an Afghan at Patan, 1561

At the age of 18, Salima Begum was married to the considerably older Bairam Khan (who was in his fifties)[18] on 7 December 1557 in Jalandhar, Punjab.[1] Bairam was the commander-in-chief of the Mughal army and a powerful statesman at the Mughal court, who was acting as Akbar's regent at the time. Salima's maternal uncle, Humayun, had promised Bairam that he would give his niece in marriage to him as soon as India was conquered (which was accomplished in Akbar's reign). The bride was probably a reward for the surpassing services done by Bairam for Humayun. The marriage enhanced his prestige among the Mughal nobles as it made him a member of the imperial family.[24]

It is said that the marriage excited great interest at court. It united two streams of descent from Ali Shukr Beg, that is, the Blacksheep Turkomans from Bairam Khan's side and Timur from Salima's side as Salima was a Timurid through her maternal grandfather, Emperor Babur, and through Mahmud, one of her great-grandfathers.[25] Salima became Bairam's second wife,[26] after the daughter of Jamal Khan of Mewat, who was his first wife and the mother of his son, Abdul Rahim.[27] Salima and Bairam Khan's short-lived marriage did not produce any children.[4]

Shortly before his death in 1561, Bairam Khan lost his prestigious position in the Empire as he was provoked into rebelling against Akbar by conspirators who wanted to ruin him. Khan's rebellion was twice put down by Akbar, and he submitted to him. As punishment for his rebellions, Bairam was stripped of all his privileges and Akbar gave him three options: of a handsome jagir in the sarkar of Kalpi and Chanderi, the post of the emperor's confidential advisor, and a journey to Mecca. Bairam Khan chose the last option.[27]

Marriage to Akbar (1561–1605)

While on his way to Mecca, Bairam Khan was attacked in Patan, Gujarat on 31 January 1561 by a band of Afghans, led by a man named Mubarak Khan, whose father had been killed fighting against Bairam at the Battle of Machchiwara in 1555.[28][29] Bairam Khan's camp was also put to plunder and the newly widowed, Salima Begum, along with her step-son, Abdul Rahim (aged four), reached Ahmedabad after suffering many hardships. Akbar was shocked to hear the sad news of his former teacher and guardian's death. As per his orders, Salima and Abdul Rahim were brought under imperial escort to the Mughal court with great honour and respect. Akbar was strongly impressed by the abilities of his cousin, Salima Sultan Begum, and he himself married her on 7 May 1561.[21][28] She was about three and a half years older than him and became his fourth wife.[3] This would mean that she was Akbar's last legal wife, according to the Islamic law or Sharia, which permits a Muslim man to have up-to four wives.[30]

The richly talented Salima was Akbar's only other wife apart from Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who was of the most exalted lineage, being a Timurid through her mother's side and thus, a granddaughter of Emperor Babur through her maternal line. Salima was, thus, a senior-ranking wife of Akbar,[11] along with Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who was his first wife and chief consort.[13] Salima remained childless throughout her marriage, however, some sources mistakenly identify her as the mother of Akbar's son, Sultan Murad Mirza.[31] The Jahangirnama states that Murad was the son of a royal serving-girl just like his younger half-brother, Daniyal Mirza.[32]

Being an extensive reader, she kept accounts of her encounters with the Emperor and the state of affairs. Salima was, thus, one of the most important ladies at the Mughal court. In 1575, Salima travelled to Mecca to perform the Hajj pilgrimage along with her aunt, Gulbadan Begum, and many other Timurid ladies. She was the only wife of Akbar who accompanied the pilgrims.[33] Akbar himself, was dissuaded from travelling only by the pleas of Abu'l Fazl.[34] The high-ranking female party, under the fortunate auspices of Akbar, left Fatehpur Sikri on 15 October 1575 and after taking a year to get to the sea, set sail for Mecca on 17 October 1576. They were said to have spent three and a half years in Arabia and made the hajj four times, returning home to Agra in March 1582.[35]

Political influence at the Mughal court

Salima had much influence over Akbar and her step-son, Salim,[4] and wielded major political influence in the Mughal court during both the father-son's respective reigns. She played a crucial role (along with her cousin and co-wife Ruqaiya Sultan Begum) in negotiating a settlement between Akbar and Salim, when the father-son's relationship had turned sour in the early 1600s, eventually helping to pave the way for Salim's accession to the Mughal throne.[36] In 1601, Salim had revolted against Akbar by setting up an independent court in Allahabad and by assuming the imperial title of "Salim Shah" while his father was still alive.[16] He also planned and executed the assassination of Akbar's faithful counselor and close friend, Abu'l Fazl.[37]

This situation became very critical and infuriated Akbar so much that no one dared to petition for Salim. In the end, it was Salima Sultan Begum and Ruqaiya Sultan Begum who pleaded for his forgiveness. Akbar granted their wishes and Salim was allowed to present himself before the Emperor. Akbar sent Salima (who wielded great influence over her step-son) to Allahabad to convey the news of forgiveness to the prince. She went with an elephant named Fateh Lashkar, a special horse, and a robe of honour. Salim received her warmly and agreed to go back to Agra with her. The prince was finally pardoned in 1603 through the efforts of his step-mothers and his grandmother, Hamida Banu Begum.[16]

During Jahangir's reign, Salima and Ruqaiya Sultan Begum again displayed their political influence by successfully securing pardon for the powerful Khan-i-Azam, Mirza Aziz Koka. Aziz Koka had been a foster-brother of Akbar's and consequently a great favorite in the harem for decades. One of his daughters had married Jahangir's eldest son, Khusrau Mirza, and when Khusrau revolted against his father in 1606, Aziz Koka was discovered to have been in the plot from the very beginning. Aziz Koka would surely have received the death penalty had not Salima Sultan Begum yelled out from behind the screens:

Majesty, all the ladies have assembled in the women's quarters for the purpose of pledging their support for Mirza Aziz Koka. It would be better if you were to come here – if not, they will come to you![38]

Jahangir was thus constrained to go to the female apartment, and on account of the pressure exercised by his step-mothers, he finally pardoned him.[39]

Death

Salima died in 1613 in Agra, after suffering from an illness. Her step-son, Jahangir, gives particulars of her birth and descent; her marriages and he states that she was sixty years old at the time of her death in 1613. By his orders, her body was laid in Mandarkar Garden in Agra, which she herself had commissioned.[40]

Jahangir praises Salima both for her natural qualities and her acquirements, saying "she was adorned with all good qualities... in women this degree of skill and capacity is seldom found."[2] She creates an impression of herself as a charming and cultivated woman.[40]

References
  1. Gulbadan, p. 57
  2. Jahangir (1968). The Tūzuk-i-Jahāngīrī or Memoirs of Jāhāngīr. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 232.
  3. Burke, S. M. (1989). Akbar: The Greatest Mogul. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 143.
  4. Henry Beveridge (26 March 1906). "Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal". II. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.: 509–510. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Sarkar, Mahua (2008). Visible histories, disappearing women producing Muslim womanhood in late colonial Bengal. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780822389033.
  6. Gulbadan, p. 270
  7. transl.; ed.; Thackston, annot. by Wheeler M. (1999). The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. New York [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0195127188.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  8. Kumar, edited by Richard M. Eaton, Munis D. Faruqui, David Gilmartin, Sunil (2013). Expanding frontiers in South Asian and world history : essays in honour of John F. Richards. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9781107034280.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  9. Gulbadan, p. 276
  10. Gulbadan, p. 277
  11. Bose, edited by Mandakranta (2000). Faces of the feminine in ancient, medieval, and modern India. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780195352771.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  12. Burke, S. M. (1989). Akbar, the greatest Mogul. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 142.
  13. Jahangir, Emperor of Hindustan (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler M. Oxford University Press. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8. Ruqayya-Sultan Begam, the daughter of Mirza Hindal and wife of [Akbar], had passed away in Akbarabad. She was [his] chief wife. Since she did not have children, when Shahjahan was born [Akbar] entrusted [him] to the begam's care ... She departed this life at the age of eighty-four.
  14. Nath, Renuka (1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. (1. publ. in India. ed.). New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. p. 55. ISBN 9788121002417.
  15. Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 198. ISBN 9788120710153.
  16. Findly, p. 20
  17. Haidar, Mansura (2004). Indo-Central Asian relations : from early times to medieval period. New Delhi: Manohar. pp. 296, 323. ISBN 9788173045080.
  18. Eraly, Abraham (2007). Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789351180937. And Biram Khan, who was then in his fifties, married another young cousin of Akbar, the richly talented Salima Begum, daughter of Humayun's sister Gulrukh.
  19. Findly, p. 112
  20. Findly, p. 113
  21. Nath, Renuka (1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. (1. publ. in India. ed.). New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. pp. 58, 63. ISBN 9788121002417.
  22. Sharma, Sudha (2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India. SAGE Publications India. p. 209. ISBN 978-9351505679.
  23. Gulbadan, p. 76
  24. Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 198. ISBN 978-8120710153.
  25. Gulbadan, p. 278
  26. Robinson, Annemarie Schimmel ; translated by Corinne Attwood ; edited by Burzine K. Waghmar ; with a foreword by Francis (2005). The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture (Revised ed.). Lahore: Sang-E-Meel Pub. p. 34. ISBN 9781861891853.
  27. Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India : from Sultanat to the Mughals (Revised ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 97. ISBN 9788124110669.
  28. Edwardes, S. M.; Garrett, H. L. O. (1995). Mughal rule in India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 27. ISBN 9788171565511.
  29. Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 207. ISBN 978-8120710153.
  30. Sedgwick, Mark (2006). Islam & Muslims A Guide to Diverse Experience in a Modern World. New York: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 9781941176085.
  31. Dodwell, H. H., ed. (1934). The Cambridge Shorter History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 352.
  32. transl.; ed.; Thackston, annot. by Wheeler M. (1999). The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. New York [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780195127188.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  33. Lal, Ruby (2005). Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 9780521850223.
  34. Richards, J.F. (1995). Mughal empire (Transferred to digital print. ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780521566032.
  35. Findly, p. 121
  36. Faruqui, Munis D. (2012). Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 148. ISBN 9781107022171.
  37. Richards, J.F. (1995). Mughal empire (Transferred to digital print. ed.). Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780521566032.
  38. Robinson, Annemarie Schimmel ; translated by Corinne Attwood ; edited by Burzine K. Waghmar ; with a foreword by Francis (2005). The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture (Revised ed.). Lahore: Sang-E-Meel Pub. p. 145. ISBN 9781861891853.
  39. Findly, Ellison Banks (1993). Nur Jahan, empress of Mughal India. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780195360608.
  40. Gulbadan, p. 279
  41. Sundaresan, Indu (2002). Twentieth wife : a novel (Paperback ed.). New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0743428187.
  42. Talreja, Vinod (19 June 2014). "Jodha Akbar: Rajat Tokas earns the title of Akbar!". Bollywoodlife.com. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  43. "In pics: Meet Manisha Yadav aka Salima Begum of Jodha Akbar in real life". Dailybhaskar.com. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  44. IANS (2 February 2015). "Riya Deepsi to enter 'Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap' – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 February 2017.

Bibliography
  • Begum, Gulbadan (1902). The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama). Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 8187570997.
  • Findly, Ellison Banks (1993). Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195360608.
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