Sagittaria sagittifolia

Sagittaria sagittifolia (also called arrowhead due to the shape of its leaves) is a flowering plant in the family Alismataceae, native to wetlands most of Europe from Ireland and Portugal to Finland and Bulgaria, and in Russia, Ukraine, Siberia, Japan, Turkey, China, Australia, Vietnam and the Caucasus. It is also cultivated as a food crop in some other countries. In Britain it is the only native Sagittaria.[2][3]

Omodaka kamon (ja:沢瀉紋) depicting stylized arrowhead

Arrowhead
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae
Genus: Sagittaria
Species:
S. sagittifolia
Binomial name
Sagittaria sagittifolia
Synonyms[1]
  • Alisma sagittaria Stokes
  • Sagitta aquatica (Lam.) St.-Lag.
  • Sagitta palustris Bubani
  • Sagittaria acuminata Sm.
  • Sagittaria aquatica Lam.
  • Sagittaria bulbosa (Poir.) Donn
  • Sagittaria heterophylla Schreb.
  • Sagittaria minor Mill.
  • Sagittaria tenuior Gand.
  • Sagittaria vulgaris Gueldenst.
  • Vallisneria bulbosa Poir.

Sagittaria sagittifolia is a herbaceous perennial plant, growing in water from 10–50 cm deep. The leaves above water are arrowhead-shaped, the leaf blade 15–25 cm long and 10–22 cm broad, on a long petiole holding the leaf up to 45 cm above water level. The plant also has narrow linear submerged leaves, up to 80 cm long and 2 cm broad. The flowers are 2-2.5 cm broad, with three small sepals and three white petals, and numerous purple stamens.

Cultivation and uses

The round tuber is edible. It tastes bland, with a starchy texture, similar to a potato but somewhat crunchier, even when cooked. In Japan, it is known as Kuwai くわい（慈姑） and its tuber is eaten particularly during the New Year. In China, it is known as 慈姑 cí gū and often used in winter hot pots. In Vietnam, the plant's young petiole leaves and rhizomes are used for soups.[4]

Remnants of Sagittaria sagittifolia have been found in the Paleolithic/Mesolithic site of Całowanie in Poland.[5]

Sagittaria sagittifolia is used in Chinese medicine, and in 2006 seven new ent-rosane diterpenoids and a new labdane diterpene were purified from the plant. Four of these compounds (Sagittine A–D) exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces naeslundii while another (Sagittine E) was only active against A. naeslundii (MIC = 62.5 μg ml–1). Recently, the same group identified five new diterpenoids from Sagittaria pygmaea. None displayed activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans, while four of the others were active against A. viscosus and three against S. mutans, of which 18-ß-D-3',6'-diacetoxyglucopyranosyl-ent-kaur-16-ene was the most active.[6]

As a weed

Sagittaria sagittifolia can be weedy or invasive according to the USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ). It also appears on state noxious weed lists for 46 states.[7]

References
  1. The Plant List
  2. "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  3. "Sagittaria sagittifolia (Arrowhead)". www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
  4. Tanaka, Yoshitaka; Van Ke, Nguyen (2007). Edible Wild Plants of Vietnam: The Bountiful Garden. Thailand: Orchid Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-9745240896.
  5. Kubiak-Martens, Lucyna (1996). "Evidence for possible use of plant foods in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic diet from the site of Całowanie in the central part of the Polish Plain". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 5 (1–2): 33–38. doi:10.1007/BF00189433. S2CID 129435212.
  6. B.Parimala Devi et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(11),1669-1675 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-08-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. "Plants Profile for Sagittaria sagittifolia (arrowhead)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Leaves
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