Sadeq Ali
Munshi Muhammad Sadeq Ali Munsef (Bengali: মোহাম্মদ সাদেক আলী মুন্সেফ, Sylheti: ꠍꠣꠖꠇ ꠀꠟꠤ), born as Sri Gaur Kishore Sen (Bengali: শ্রী গৌর কিশোর সেন), was a prominent Dobhashi writer, poet and district judge from 19th century Bengal.[1] He is considered to be the most well-known writer to have used the Sylheti Nagri script and this is due to his magnum opus, Halat-un-Nabi (Condition of the Prophet),[2] which gained immense popularity in the Sylhet region and would later be transcribed in the Bengali script.[3]
Muhammad Sadeq Ali Munsif | |
|---|---|
 Halat-un-Nabi by Sadeq Ali | |
| Native name | সাদেক আলী |
| Born | 1798-1801AD |
| Died | 1862 (aged 63–64) |
| Occupation | Munshi, judge, poet |
| Language | Dobhashi, Sylheti |
| Genre | Islam |
| Notable works | Halat-un-Nabi, Mahabbatnama |
Early life
Shree Gour Kishore Sen was born around 1800, being raised in a very traditional Bengali Hindu family of Baidyas in Daulatpur, Longla Pargana close to the town of Kulaura in South Sylhet.[4] His father, Ram Gobind Sen, and his mother both died while he was very young. Being an only child, he was then raised by his paternal uncle, Ram Dulal Sen. Dulal also died during his nephew's childhood. This led to him pondering about the meaning of life and death.
Dissatisfied with Hinduism, he approached a Bengali Muslim man named Muhammad Zakir who ran a maktab in Kulaura. In August 1818, he was taught the basics of Islam by Maulvi Muhammad Yusuf. Sen grew an interest in the Arabic and Persian languages, and so he studied under Mir Munshi Abul Fazl, a detective of the Hingazia thana.[2]
On 15 November 1823, he became a local judge (Munsiff) for the Hingazia thana. He lost his job in October 1832 and then migrated to Dhaka where he studied under Shah Naqi Ullah.[5] Here, he formally accepted Islam and changed his name to Sadeq Ali. He also mentions that he was a follower of the Hanafi madhhab.[2]
Career as a writer
Sadeq Ali decided to take a reformist stance against the common Sylheti Muslim literature which had used religious syncretism with Hinduism, in particular Vaishnavism, and Sufi Baul elements. Sadeq Ali then published his Mahabbatnama based on the story of Yusuf and Zulaikha taking inspiration from the earlier version by Shah Gharibullah of West Bengal.[6] He also wrote Hashor Michhil (Procession of Hashr), which also remains in circulation, continuing to be sold in shops in both Sylheti Nagri and Bengali scripts. as well as Radd al-Hind (Response to the Hindus), Kashf al-Bid'ah (Unveiling of Innovation), Pandenama, Dafeh al-Hujat, Hushiarnama and Rahasatul Islam.[6]
Sadeq Ali later composed another puthi about the prophetic biography called Halat-un-Nabi in 1855, focusing more on scripture rather than more popular folk beliefs. It became a household item in every Bengali Muslim homestead in Greater Sylhet and Cachar, making it the most popular and widely printed book in the Sylheti Nagri script.[3] Sadeq Ali then wrote a puthi titled Radd-i-Kufr (or A Response to Disbelief) detailing the problems with syncretism in 1874.[5]
ꠉꠚꠥꠞ ꠞꠢꠤꠝ ꠀꠟ꠆ꠟꠣ ꠇꠣꠖꠤꠞ ꠍꠥꠛꠢꠣꠘ
Ghafur Rahim Allah, Qadir Subhan
Glorified is the Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful Allah, The Able
ꠍꠤꠔꠣꠞꠣꠄ ꠈꠥꠛꠤ ꠖꠤꠟꠣ ꠡꠣꠔ ꠀꠍꠝꠣꠘ
Sitaray khubi dila shaat asman
With stars, He beautified the seven heavens
ꠏꠝꠤꠘꠦꠞ ꠈꠥꠛꠤ ꠖꠤꠟꠣ ꠇꠔ ꠌꠤꠎꠦ ꠀꠞ
Zominer khubi dila koto chize aar
With many things, He beautified the earth
ꠡꠇꠟ ꠝꠢꠔꠣꠎ ꠈꠣꠟꠤ ꠉꠘꠤ ꠙꠞꠅꠀꠞ
Shokol mohotaj khali goni Poroar
We are all needy except the All-Sufficient Provider
– First stanza - Munshi Sadeq Ali[4]
Legacy
Long after Sadeq Ali's death in 1862,[6] the Bangladesh Liberation War took place in 1971. A fire took place in Bandar Bazar, Sylhet town destroying the Islamia Press, which was the largest Sylheti Nagri printing press. However, Bengali script versions of the Halat-un-Nabi puthi continued to be in production and circulation.[7]
References
- Sadiq, Mohammad (December 2008). Sileṭi nāgrī: fakiri dhārār fasal সিলেটি নাগরী: ফকিরি ধারার ফসল (in Bengali). Dhaka: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-300-003029-0 Check
|isbn=value: invalid prefix (help). OCLC 495614347. - d’Hubert, Thibaut. "The khādim and the munshī: Śāh Garībullāh and Sādek Ālī". Foundational Maḥabbat-nāmas: Jāmī's Yūsuf u Zulaykhā in Bengal (ca. 16th–19th AD) (Thesis).
- Bhuiya, Md. Abdul Musabbir (2000). Jalalabadi Nagri: A Unique Script & Literature of Sylheti Bangla. Badarpur, Assam: National Publishers.
- "Puthi Halot-un-Nobi by Sadek Ali". Sylheti Translation and Research.
- Ahmed, Rafiuddin (1981). The Bengal Muslims 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity (2 ed.). Delhi and New York City: Oxford University Press.
- Saleem, Mustafa (30 November 2018). মহব্বত নামা : ফার্সি থেকে বাংলা আখ্যান. Bhorer Kagoj (in Bengali).
- Kane, David Michael (2008). Puthi-Pora: 'Melodic Reading' and its Use in the Islamisation of Bengal (PDF) (Thesis). School of Oriental & African Studies. S2CID 158262463.