Russian stove

A Russian stove[1] (Russian: русская печь) is a unique type of masonry stove that first appeared in the 15th century.[2] It is used both for cooking and domestic heating in traditional Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian households.[3] The Russian stove burns firewood or wood manufacturing waste.[3][4]

Typical Russian stove in a peasant izba with tools visible to the right of the stove.

Construction

A Russian stove is designed to retain heat for long periods of time. This is achieved by channeling the smoke and hot air produced by combustion through a complex labyrinth of passages, warming the bricks from which the stove is constructed.[3][4]

A brick flue (Russian: борова) in the attic, sometimes with a chamber for smoking food, is required to slow down the cooling of the stove.[3]

Design
Russian stove in izba, photographed before 1917

The Russian stove is usually in the centre of the log hut (izba). The builders of Russian stoves are referred to as "stovemakers" (pechniki). Good stovemakers always had a high status among the population. A badly built Russian stove may be very difficult to repair, bake unevenly, smoke, or retain heat poorly.[3][5][6]

There are many designs for the Russian stove. For example, there is a variant with two hearths (one of the hearths is used mainly for fast cooking, the other mainly for heating in winter).[3][5] Early Russian culture also made use of a tiled cocklestove.

Fuel

Various types of firewood can be used, for example birch or pine. Aspen is the least efficient for heating a Russian stove because the amount needed is twice that of other woods.[3]

Uses
Usage of the Russian stove etched by John Augustus Atkinson (1803)
Russian stove in Republic of Karelia, Russia

Besides its use for domestic heating, in winter people may sleep on top of the stove to keep warm: the large thermal mass (a proper Russian stove weighs about 2 tons) and layered design (in many variants the hot flue is separated from the outer brick shell with a layer of sand or pebbles) ensure that the outer surface of the stove is safe to touch.[3] The stove was and is used until today for cooking and had a strong influence on the taste of Russian cuisine.[7] Dishes where the stove is used are pancakes to bake or pies. The porridge or the pancakes prepared in such a stove may differ in taste from the same meal prepared on a modern stove or range. The process of cooking in the Russian stove can be called "languor" — holding dishes for a long period of time at a steady temperature. Foods that are believed to acquire a distinctive character from being prepared in a Russian stove include baked milk, pastila candies, mushrooms cooked in sour cream, or even a simple potato.[3] Bread is put in and taken out from the stove using a special wooden paddle on a long shank. Cast iron pots with soup or milk are taken out with uhvat, a two-pronged metal stick.[3][8]

As well as warming and cooking, the Russian stove can be used for washing. A grown man can easily fit inside, and during World War II some people escaped the Nazis by hiding in stoves.[3][4][8][9] In former times the stove was used to treat winter diseases by warming the sick person's body inside it.[3][4][8][9]

In Russian culture

Especially because of the harsh winter the Russian stove was a major element of Russian life and consequently it often appears in folklore, in particular in Russian fairy tales. The legendary hero Ilya Muromets was able to walk after 33 years of incapacity after being laid on a Russian stove. Emelya, according to the legend, was so reluctant to leave it that he simply flew and rode on it.[10][11] Baba Yaga according to the legend baked lost children in her stove. Often in those fairy tales the stove received human characteristics. For example, in "The Magic Swan Geese" a girl meets a Russian stove, and asks it for directions. The stove offers the girl rye buns, and subsequently, on the girl's return, hides her from the swan geese.[12][13] One of the main features of the stove in Russian fairy tales is that it serves as a means of transport, virtually the counterpart on the ground to the magic carpet.[14]

See also

References
  1. Also called "Russian oven"
  2. А. Е. Школьник (1988-01-07), Русская печь XX века, Наука и техника.
  3. Федотов, ГЯ (2007), Русская печь — Эксмо (in Russian), ISBN 978-5-699-23171-3
  4. "Русская печь" (in Russian). pechka.su.
  5. http://www.mukhin.ru/stroysovet/stove&heaters/5_5.html
  6. http://bibliotekar.ru/spravochnik-6/79.htm
  7. RBTH, special to (2016-12-05). "Three factors in traditional Russian cooking". Retrieved 2018-10-28.
  8. "Этнодвор "Музей Русской Печи"". Этномир.
  9. "Glenrich". RU. Archived from the original on 2008-09-21..
  10. https://archive.org/stream/folklorelegends07cjttiala/folklorelegends07cjttiala_djvu.txt
  11. http://cqham.qrz.ru/skazka/skaz028.shtml
  12. Г. Н. Губанова. Золотая книга сказок. Тула: «Родничок», 2001, с. 241. ISBN 5-89624-013-9
  13. Гуси-лебеди. Донецк: Проф-пресс, 1999.
  14. Olga, Fedina. What every Russian knows (and you don't). London. ISBN 1901990125. OCLC 844873080.
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