Royal Tongan Airlines

Royal Tongan Airlines was the national airline of Tonga until liquidation in 2004. It was a government agency and operated interisland services and international routes.

Royal Tongan Airlines
IATA ICAO Callsign
WR HRH TONGA ROYAL
Founded1985
Ceased operations2004
HubsFuaʻamotu International Airport
HeadquartersNukuʻalofa, Tonga

History

Formative years

In 1983 a feasibility study was undertaken by All Nippon Airways to investigate the setting up of a Tongan airline. It was planned for Friendly Island Airways to begin operations in October 1974, with technical and managerial assistance provided by the Japanese airline, and for the airline to operate a surplus ANA Boeing 737-200. The plan was dropped in favour of Tongan participation in Air Nauru, which was expected to take delivery of a third Fokker F28 and was also expected to extend the Nauru-Apia route to Tonga. At the time, flights between Apia and Tonga were operated exclusively by Polynesian Airlines.[1]

Friendly Island Airways CASA 212 at Essendon Airport (1986)

In 1985, King of Tonga Taufa'ahau Tupou IV visited the British Aerospace factory in Woodford, leading to hopes with the manufacturer that Tonga would purchase the British Aerospace ATP.[2] However, the government of Tonga and the Tonga Commodities Board purchased a CASA 212 and Britten Norman Islander with which domestic flights could be started.[3] Flights to Pago Pago (American Samoa) and Apia (Western Samoa) were begun with the CASA in 1986. As airfields in Vavaʻu, Haʻapai, ʻEua and the Niuas were upgraded, the airline upgraded the inter-island aircraft. In 1989 the airline leased two de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters to replace the CASA and Islander, and after the initial lease period, purchased the aircraft from the lessor, Guinness Peat Aviation. In June 1991, the name was changed from Friendly Island Airways to Royal Tongan Airlines, and international services were begun with a Boeing 737-200 which was leased from Solomon Airlines from Tongatapu to Auckland, New Zealand. The airline was considering acquiring a Douglas DC-8 in order to operate flights to Australia, New Zealand and Honolulu,[4] however this didn't eventuate and in 1994 the airline entered into a codeshare agreement with Polynesian Airlines on routes to Sydney, Honolulu and Los Angeles.[3]

Royal Tongan Boeing 737-200 at Auckland Airport (2000).

In June 1995, an agreement was signed with Air Pacific, which saw the lease-sharing of a Boeing 737-300 operated on Royal Tongan routes. The airline also gained approval from the Australian government to carry passengers on its Sydney-Auckland-Tonga route.[5] In 1996 the airline opened an office in Honolulu, and began codesharing on Air New Zealand flights from Tongatapu to the Hawaiian capital.[6] On 28 October 1997, a codeshare agreement with Polynesian Airlines was begun. The agreement signed in early October 1997, saw Polynesian Airlines extending its Apia-Wellington-Melbourne flights to operate Apia-Tonga-Wellington-Melbourne. The agreement was a continuation of efforts by airlines in the South Pacific to pool their limited resources to maximise their services.[7]

Direct flights between Tongatapu and Sydney were announced in April 1999 as part of a Tongan initiative to increase tourist numbers from Australia. The once-weekly flights, the first by a Tongan airline to Australia, were operated by a chartered Air Pacific Boeing 737.[8]

International expansion
A Royal Tongan in the Livery of Solomon Airlines

A delegation from the government of Niue travelled to Tonga to try to persuade Royal Tongan to continue flying to Niue from Tonga past 28 October 2002; that date on which the flights were to cease, and Polynesian Airlines would begin jet service to Auckland. Royal Tongan told the Niuean government that it could no longer justify the service.[9]

In 2002, the airline leased a Boeing 757 from Royal Brunei Airlines in order to restart international flights. The deal saw the aircraft being leased for a period of five years, initially as a wet lease later to be changed to a dry lease.[10] Prince Tuʻipelehake, and a majority of Tongan MPs, opposed the government giving Royal Tongan financial support with public funds due to the high levels of debt the airline was already in.[11]

Royal Tongan service of the 757, nicknamed 'Ikale Tahi, was inaugurated at Fuaʻamotu International Airport on 23 November 2002,[12] with thrice-weekly flights from Tongatapu to Auckland, with a once-a-week extension to Sydney.[13] In 2003 it obtained its own air operator's certificate with a view to launching flights to Honolulu.[13] On 19 December, the airline was due to launch a once-weekly direct flight from Tongatapu to Honolulu, marking the entry of the airline in the American market.[14]

Royal Tongan Boeing 757-200 at Sydney Airport (2004).

The Director of the Tongan Human Rights and Democracy Movement claimed the restructuring of the airline suffered from a lack of transparency. Lopeti Senituli noted that Tongan Prime Minister Prince ʻUlukālala Lavaka Ata wrote to the board of Royal Tongan Airline and instructed them to resign. At the same time, he noted that Shoreline, a company owned by the prince, had expressed an interest in taking over the airline.[15]

The airline commissioned KPMG to review the airline's financial position, and in November 2003 the report by the accounting firm concluded that the airline was nearly insolvent and that too few passengers were flying on the airline's international routes. The review found that Royal Tongan had lost US$5.5 million in the first nine months of its international operations.[16] It was also determined that whilst Royal Tongan expected a 65% load factor on these flights, the actual figure was closer to 34%.[17] In dismissing KPMG's review, CEO Logan Appu, stated that the airline would continue to operate internationally, and confirmed that the airline would begin flights to Honolulu in December 2003,[18] in spite of the report recommending that Royal Tongan ditch the international flights and concentrate only on domestic services. People's Representative Feleti Sevele noted that report suggested that the government would need to inject US$10 million into the airline, whilst the entire Tongan budget is only US$50 million.[19]

The introduction of flights by Royal Tongan to Rarotonga sparked a price war with Air New Zealand. Five night packages to Rarotonga before Royal Tongan entered the scene cost approximately NZ$1299, and after the airline entered the market prices dropped to NZ$829–$899 for seven night packages.[20][21]

Towards liquidation

The airline stopped selling international flights on 23 April 2004, and announced that the last international flight would leave Tongatapu for Auckland the following day, whereby the Boeing 757 was repossessed for non-payment and returned to Royal Brunei Airlines. Whilst airline management provided no reasons for the cessation of international flights, it was believed to be linked to the funding crisis which was being experienced by the state-owned airline.[13][22] After the closure, Tonga was reliant on Air New Zealand, Air Pacific, Air Fiji and Polynesian Airlines for international air services.[23] The cessation of international flights also had the side effect of stranding mail being sent to Tonga in Auckland, up to a month afterwards, due to limited cargo space being available on the Air New Zealand flights to the nation, and in late May it was reported that the nation had not received mail for a week.[24]

Akilisi Pohiva, a pro-democracy member of Tonga's parliament blamed King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV for the financial crisis of the airline, and called on the king to use his own funds to bail Royal Tongan out of its financial woes.[25] He noted that the Tupou had issued a royal decree for the 757 project to proceed, despite opposition from the cabinet and parliament, and claimed that the monarchy is not accountable to the public.[26]

On 18 May 2004, the airline ceased all operations with the remaining one hundred employees losing their jobs, and the islands of Tonga being left without domestic air service.[27] The closure was forced as the airline's only airworthy aircraft, the Shorts 360, broke down and the airline had no funds with which to repair it. Airline administration was hoping that the government would bail it out, but this did not eventuate.[27]

In discussing the sending of Australian and New Zealand specialists to Tonga, to help the government wind up the airline, Phil Goff, the New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs stated "lessons can be learned from how and why the RTA collapsed."[28] The Tongan government confirmed that it had a financial commitment in the airline to the value of 14 million Tongan paʻanga, and had pumped some 20 million paʻanga into the airline since its inception in 1985.[28]

In July 2004 PricewaterhouseCoopers found that the only substantial remaining assets of the company were a hangar and the two aircraft. It recommended that the aircraft be repaired and sold.[29] By December 2004, it was reported that creditors had lodged claims of US$8.5 million from the liquidators, but had recovered only US$1.13 million from the sale of assets. PricewaterCoopers also noted that only 106 of 206 former employees of the airline had thus far lodged claims.[30] The Twin Otter was sold in January 2005 for US$850,000, and the sale of assets from the airline's offices in Nukuʻalofa and abroad netted US$71,000 and US$8,000 respectively.[31]

In the absence of domestic flights in Tonga, by June 2004 Air Waves of Vava'u and Fly Niu Airlines had begun operations on some of the former Royal Tongan routes.[32]

References
  1. "World Airline Directory". Flight International. 20 March 1975. p. 486. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  2. "Market Place". Flight International. 2 November 1985. p. 6. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  3. "A Proud History". Royal Tongan Airlines. Archived from the original on 2 February 2001. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  4. Phelan, Paul (23–29 January 1991). "Pacific Ambitions". Flight International. p. 34. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  5. "Tongan Lease Share". Flight International. 14 June 1995. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  6. "Airlines team up to link Tonga to Honolulu". Walnut Creek, California: Contra Coast Times. 14 April 1996. pp. I04. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  7. "Pacific airline extend code-sharing agreements". Apia, Western Samoa: Pacnews. 2 October 1997. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  8. "Royal Tongan Air begins direct flights to Sydney". Nukuʻalofa: Pacnews. 1 April 1999. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  9. "Niue to seek continued Tonga air service". Radio New Zealand International. Wellington, New Zealand. 14 October 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  10. Yahya, Rosli Abidin (1 December 2002). "Brunei: Tongan Airlines start operations". Borneo Bulletin. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  11. "Tonga-Brunei jet lease negotiations "on track"". Wellington, New Zealand: Radio New Zealand International. 21 November 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  12. "Address by His Royal Highness Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata At the Inauguration of Royal Tongan Airlines B757". Fuaʻamotu International Airport: Official Kingdom of Tonga website. 23 November 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  13. "Royal Tongan Airlines stops international flights". Nukuʻalofa: Matangi Tonga. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  14. "Tongan airline plans Honolulu-Auckland service". Honolulu: Honolulu Advertiser. 14 October 2002. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  15. "Director says familiar lack of transparency in Tongan Government actions". Wellington, New Zealand: Royal Tongan Airlines. 14 September 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  16. "Tongan airline cancels international flights". ABC News. 23 April 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  17. Dorney, Sean (31 October 2003). "Royal Tongan Airlines nosedives". ABC News. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  18. "Royal Tongan Airlines: We will continue to fly". Honolulu: Pacific Business News. 4 November 2003. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  19. "Calls for Royal Tongan Airline to be scaled back to a domestic service". Wellington, New Zealand: Radio New Zealand International. 3 November 2003. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  20. "Battle builds in Pacific skies". TVNZ. 23 September 2003. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  21. "Airline competition heats up in Cook Islands". Melbourne: Radio Australia. 4 September 2003. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  22. Knibb, David (1 June 2004). "Groundings hit small Pacific carriers". Brisbane: Airline Business. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  23. "Royal Tongan Airlines halts all domestic flights". Wellington, New Zealand: Radio New Zealand International. 18 May 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  24. "No mail for Tonga, after airline collapse leads to aircargo backlog". Nukuʻalofa: Matangi Tonga. 21 May 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  25. "Tongan lawmaker blame king for airline collapse". Wellington, New Zealand: Radio New Zealand International. 26 April 2004. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  26. "Tongan King urged to pay for airline collapse". NZCity. 26 April 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  27. "No inter-island flights for Tonga as Royal Tongan closes doors". Nukuʻalofa: Matangi Tonga. 19 May 2004. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  28. "NZ and Australia provide technical assistance to Tongan airline". The New Zealand Herald. 21 May 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  29. "Liquidator for Royal Tongan invites creditors to claim". Wellington, New Zealand: Radio New Zealand International. 9 July 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  30. "Creditors want US$8.5m from Royal Tongan Airlines". Wellington, New Zealand: Radio New Zealand International. 23 December 2004. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  31. "Royal Tongan liquidator sells aircraft". Nukuʻalofa: Pacnews. 6 January 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
  32. Francis, Leithen (22 June 2004). "Two carriers fill Royal Tongan gap". Singapore: Flight International. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
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