Rosamund Clifford

Rosamund Clifford (before 1150 – c. 1176), often called "The Fair Rosamund" or the "Rose of the World" (rosa mundi), was famed for her beauty and was a mistress of King Henry II of England, famous in English folklore.

Rosamund Clifford
1917 Oil on canvas painting by John William Waterhouse, titled Fair Rosamund
BornBefore 1150
Diedc. 1176
Godstow Nunnery
CompanionHenry II of England
FatherWalter de Clifford
MotherMargaret

Life

Rosamund is believed to have been the daughter of the marcher lord Walter de Clifford and his wife Margaret. Walter was originally known as Gautier fitz Richard (i.e., son of Richard), but his name was gradually changed to that of his major holding, first as steward, then as lord. This was Clifford Castle on the River Wye in Herefordshire. Rosamund had two sisters, Amice and Lucy. Amice married Osbern fitz Hugh of Richard's Castle, Herefordshire, and Lucy, Hugh de Say of Stokesay, Shropshire. She also had three brothers, Walter de Clifford (died 1221), Richard and Gilbert. Her name Rosamund may have been influenced by the Latin phrase rosa mundi, which means "rose of the world."[1]

Rosamund grew up at Castle Clifford, before going to Godstow Nunnery, near Oxford, to be educated by the nuns.[2] Henry publicly acknowledged the liaison with Rosamund in 1174. When the affair ended, Rosamund retired to Godstow Abbey, where she died, not thirty years old, in 1176. According to Mike Ibeji, "there is … no doubt that the great love of his [Henry's] life was Rosamund Clifford."[3]

Legend

The traditional story recounts that King Henry adopted her as his mistress. To conceal his illicit amours from his queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, he conducted them within the innermost recesses of a complicated maze which he caused to be made in his park at Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Rumours were heard by Queen Eleanor, and she contrived to penetrate the labyrinth, confronted her rival, and forced her to choose between the dagger and the bowl of poison; Rosamund chose the latter and died.[4][5]

The poisoning incident is not mentioned in an account given by a chronicler of that time, John Brompton, Abbot of Jervaulx, and does not appear before the 14th century.[4]

The story was handed down for generations and gradually embroidered with various additional details, more or less scandalous, gathered around the central tale that Rosamund presented Henry with the son who was afterwards known as William Longsword, Earl of Salisbury.[4] However, his mother was Ida de Tosny, Countess of Norfolk.

Rosamund Clifford was reputedly one of the great beauties of the 12th century and inspired ballads, poems, stories and paintings.[6]

Fair Rosamund's Well (51.845070°N 1.3677058°W / 51.845070; -1.3677058) is reputed to be the paved spring, south of the Grand Bridge, on the western shore of The Lake, sometimes called Brown's Lake, after Capability Brown. According to a 2014 BBC article, 'A palace spokeswoman said the well had become "somewhat overgrown and at risk of becoming damaged".'[7]

Possible children

Historians are divided over whether or not Rosamund's relationship with the king produced children. Legend has falsely attributed to Rosamund another of Henry's illegitimate sons: Geoffrey Plantagenet, Archbishop of York (1151–1212). Her maternity in this case was only claimed centuries later. Geoffrey was apparently born before Henry and Rosamund met and is presumed to be the son of another, otherwise unknown, mistress, possibly named Ykenai or Hikenai.[8][9]

Eleanor prepares to poison Rosamund, a Pre-Raphaelite painting by Evelyn De Morgan, illustrating one of the later myths about her
Queen Eleanor, by Frederick Sandys (1858), depicts the Queen holding the cup of poison while on her way to confront Rosamund

Rosamund's story first appears in 14th century French Chronicle of London, which purports to recount the confrontation with Queen Eleanor. In one version, Rosamund improbably is described as having been roasted between two fires, stabbed, and left to bleed to death in a bath of scalding water by the queen.[10] During the Elizabethan era, stories claiming that she had been murdered by Eleanor of Aquitaine gained popularity; but the Ballad of Fair Rosamund by Thomas Deloney (1612) and the Complaint of Rosamund by Samuel Daniel (1592) are both purely fictional. Most medieval chroniclers acknowledged that, by 1173, Eleanor was held in close confinement, having raised her sons in rebellion against their father.[10]

The underground labyrinth was added to the tale in 1516. However, Robert Gambles cites a 1231 reference to Rosamund's Chamber, with gardens, a cloister, and a well.[10] According to local tales, Rosamund's Bower is said to have been pulled down when Blenheim Palace was built. A pool on the grounds of Blenheim Palace is known as Fair Rosamund's Well.[6]

The cup of poison first appears in a ballad of 1611.[10] Accounts made around the time of the dissolution report that, with other engravings, Rosamund's tomb in the chapter house contained the depiction of a chalice.

She is thought to have entered Henry's life around the time that Eleanor was pregnant with her final child, John, who was born on 24 December 1166 at Oxford. Indeed, Eleanor is known to have given birth to John at Beaumont Palace rather than at Woodstock because, it is speculated, Eleanor found Rosamund there at Woodstock.

Authorities differ over whether Rosamund stayed quietly in seclusion at Woodstock while Henry went back and forth between England and his continental possessions, or whether she travelled with him as a member of his household. If the former, the two of them could not have spent more than about a quarter of the time between 1166 and 1176 together; as historian Marion Meade puts it, "For all her subsequent fame, Rosamund must be one of the most neglected concubines in history."

Rosamund also was associated with the village of Frampton on Severn in Gloucestershire, another of her father Walter's holdings. Walter granted the mill at Frampton to Godstow Abbey for the good of the souls of Rosamund and his wife Margaret. The village green at Frampton became known as Rosamund's Green by the 17th century.[11]

A cultivar R. gallica var. officinalis 'Versicolor', with striped pink blooms, is commonly known as Rosa mundi.[12] Its connection to Rosamund Clifford dates to the 16th century.

Death and aftermath
Godstow Abbey ruins

Her death was remembered at Hereford Cathedral on 6 July, the same day as that of the king 13 years later. Henry and the Clifford family paid for her tomb at Godstow in the choir of the monastery church and for an endowment that would ensure care of the tomb by the nuns. It became a popular local shrine until 1191, two years after Henry's death. Hugh of Lincoln, Bishop of Lincoln, while visiting Godstow, noticed Rosamund's tomb laden with flowers and candles. The bishop ordered her remains removed from the church: instead, she was to be buried outside "with the rest, that the Christian religion may not grow into contempt, and that other women, warned by her example, may abstain from illicit and adulterous intercourse." Her tomb was moved to the cemetery by the nuns' chapter house, where it could be visited until it was destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII of England.[13] The remains of Godstow Priory still stand and are open to the public.

Paul Hentzner, a German traveller who visited England c. 1599, records that her faded tombstone inscription read in part:

...Adorent, utque tibi detur requies Rosamunda precamur. ("Let them adore...and we pray that rest be given to you, Rosamund.") Followed by a rhyming epitaph: Hic jacet in tumba Rosamundi non Rosamunda, non redolet sed olet, quae redolere solet. ("Here in the tomb lies the rose of the world, not a pure rose; she who used to smell sweet, still smells—but not sweet.")[14]

Fiction
"A Lamentable Ballad of Fair Rosamond, Concubine to Henry II," poem, c. 1825
  • Rosamund Clifford is the subject of Samuel Daniel's 1592 poem "The Complaint of Rosamond."
  • Rosamond is a 1707 opera by Thomas Clayton to a libretto by Joseph Addison.
  • Rosamond is a 1733 opera by Thomas Arne to Joseph Addison’s libretto.
  • Rosamund is a German Singspiel by Anton Schweitzer on a text by Christoph Martin Wieland (Mannheim 1780)
  • Rosmonda d'Inghilterra ("Rosamund of England") is an 1834 Italian opera by Gaetano Donizetti.
  • Fair Rosamond is an 1837 opera by John Barnett.
  • Rosamund was the central character in the poem Rosemonde by Guillaume Apollinaire.[15]
  • Rosamund is a character in the novel Eleanor the Queen (1955, 1983) by Norah Lofts.
  • While not appearing in person, Rosamund is frequently alluded to in the play and movie versions of The Lion in Winter (1966, 1968).
  • Rosamund appears as Rose Parrish in Susan Howatch's family saga Penmarric (1971), a re-telling of the story of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
  • Rosamund is a character in the novel The Courts of Love: The Story of Eleanor of Aquitaine (1987) by Jean Plaidy.
  • Rosamund is mentioned in Virginia Henley's romance The Falcon and the Flower (1988).
  • Rosamund is a character in the novel The Book of Eleanor, A Novel of Eleanor of Aquitaine (2002) by Pamela Kaufman.
  • Rosamund's affair with Henry II is detailed in Sharon Penman's novel Time and Chance (2002), and continued in Penman's Devil's Brood (2008).
  • The relationship between Rosamund and Henry is a major framing device in Robin Paige's mystery novel Death at Blenheim Palace (2006).
  • Rosamund appears in the novel The Death Maze (2008) (published in the U.S. as The Serpent's Tale) by Ariana Franklin.
  • Rosamund is mentioned as past mistress of Henry II in the novel The Time of Singing (2008) by Elizabeth Chadwick.
  • Rosamund is a character in the novel The Captive Queen: A Novel of Eleanor of Aquitaine (2010) by Alison Weir.
  • Rosamund is a character in Conrad Ferdinand Meyer's Der Heilige (translated into English as "The Saint"), a novel about Thomas Becket and Henry II of England.
  • Lynsay Sands in her novel Alaways features the heroine Rosamunde, the illegitimate daughter of Henry II and Rosamunde Clifford, who grows up at the convent after Rosamunde dies of poison. A short time before his death, Henry II marries her to a knight loyal of his.
  • Rosamund is the grandmother of the heroine Jehane/ Jane's friend, Lady Sibelle LeGauche of Sturry in Susan Sizemore's Wings of the Storm- as a child she entered Davington Priory, to be a companion to 'Granny Rosamund'; Rosamund ran away from Woodstock after a fall down stairs- she was afraid Queen Eleanor was trying to kill her, but later told her granddaughter that it was likely just an accident, combined with her own guilty conscience- Sibelle also reveals to Jane that Rosamund wasn't comfortable as a mistress and would have preferred to live simply as a wife. She moved around several priories before settling at Davington. She died thirty years before the main story starts.
  • Rosamund is featured in the novel The Winter Crown (2014) by Elizabeth Chadwick, which covers the marriage between Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II.
  • Rosamund is mentioned in Clara Dupont-Monod's novel La Révolte (2018), which depicts how Eleanor rose her sons in rebellion against their father.

See also

Notes
  1. Anthony à Wood The life and times of Anthony Wood: antiquary, of Oxford, 1632-1695, described by himself. Printed for the Oxford historical society, at the Clarendon press, 1891. Page 341.
  2. Bingham, Jane. The Cotswolds: A Cultural History, Oxford University Press, 2010 ISBN 9780195398755
  3. Ibeji, Mike. "The Character and Legacy of Henry II", BBC-History, 20 June 2011
  4. Matthews, W.H., Mazes and Labyrinths, Chap. XIX, Longmans Green and Co., London, 1922
  5. Gardner, Martin More Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions p. 88, Penguin Books (1966)
  6. "'Fair Rosamund' well to be restored at Blenheim Palace", BBC News (Oxford), July 20, 2014
  7. "'Fair Rosamund' well to be restored". BBC News. 2014-07-22. Retrieved 2019-01-05.
  8. Notes and Queries. Oxford University Press. 1887.
  9. Smith, David Michael; Lovatt, Marie; Academy, British; Kemp, B. R.; Harper-Bill, Christopher (1980). English Episcopal Acta 27, York 1189-1212. OUP/British Academy. ISBN 978-0-19-726293-1.
  10. Gambles, Robert. Great Tales from British, Amberley Publishing Limited, 2013, ISBN 9781445613499 p. 61
  11. Victoria County History of Gloucestershire: Frampton on Severn
  12. "BBC plant finder - Rosa mundi". Retrieved 31 May 2013.
  13. Cole, William. The Unfortunate Royal Mistresses, Rosamond Clifford, and Jane Shore, Concubines to King Henry the Second, and Edward the Fourth, London, 1825 p. 8
  14. Hentzner, Paul. Travels in England during the Reign of Queen Elizabeth
  15. Apollinaire, Guillaume (1913); Rees, Garnet (ed.) (1975) Alcools London, Athlone Press.

Sources
  • Biography from Who's Who in British History (1998), H. W. Wilson Company. Who's Who in British History, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998.
  • W. L. Warren, Henry II, 1973.
  • Remfry. P.M., Clifford Castle, 1066 to 1299 (ISBN 1-899376-04-6)
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