Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux (–Bazas) (Latin: Archidioecesis Burdigalensis (–Bazensis); French: Archidiocèse de Bordeaux (–Bazas); Occitan: Archidiocèsi de Bordèu (–Vasats)) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The episcopal seat is located in Bordeaux, Aquitaine. It was established under the Concordat of 1802 by combining the ancient Diocese of Bordeaux (diminished by the cession of part to the Bishopric of Aire) with the greater part of the abolished Diocese of Bazas.

Archdiocese of Bordeaux (–Bazas)

Archidioecesis Burdigalensis (–Bazensis)

  • Archidiocèse de Bordeaux (–Bazas)
  • Archidiocèsi de Bordèu (–Vasats)
Location
Country France
Ecclesiastical provinceBordeaux
Statistics
Area10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
Population
- Total
- Catholics (including non-members)		(as of 2015)
1,494,064
1,002,000 (67.1%)
Parishes593
Information
DenominationCatholic
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
RiteRoman Rite
Established3rd Century
CathedralCathedral of St. Andrew in Bordeaux
Patron saintSt. Andrew
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
ArchbishopJean-Paul James
SuffragansDiocese of Agen
Diocese of Aire
Diocese of Bayonne
Diocese of Périgueux
Auxiliary Bishops
  • Bertrand Lacombe
  • Jean-Marie Le Bert
Bishops emeritusJean-Pierre Ricard
Map
Website
bordeaux.catholique.fr
Ecclesiastical province of Bordeaux
Former cathedral of St. John the Baptist at Bazas.

Ecclesiastical Province of Bordeaux

The metropolitan diocese has a senior position to four suffragan dioceses in the archdiocese (ecclesiastical province): Agen; Aire and Dax; Bayonne, Lescar, and Oloron; and Périgueux and Sarlat. The metropolitan diocese itself comprises Gironde, Aquitaine.

History

Constituted by the same Concordat metropolitan to the suffragan Bishoprics of Angoulême, Poitiers and La Rochelle, the see of Bordeaux received in 1822, as additional suffragans, those of Agen, withdrawn from the metropolitan of Toulouse, and the newly re-established Périgueux and Luçon. In 1850 were added the three (then colonial) Bishoprics of Fort-de-France (Martinique), Guadeloupe and Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe), and Saint-Denis de la Réunion (Réunion), later detached. Since 2002 the province of Bordeaux (corresponding historically with Aquitania Secunda) has been substantially modified following the abolition of the province of Auch and the creation of that of Poitiers.

Early history

According to old Limousin legends which date back to the beginning of the eleventh century, Bordeaux was evangelized in the first century by St. Martial (Martialis), who replaced a temple to the unknown god, which he destroyed, with one dedicated to St. Stephen. The same legends represent St. Martial as having brought to the Soulac coast St. Veronica, who is still especially venerated in the church of Notre-Dame de Fin des Terres at Soulac; as having cured Sigebert, the paralytic husband of the pious Benedicta, and made him Bishop of Bordeaux; as addressing beautiful Latin letters to the people of Bordeaux, to which city he is said to have left the pastoral staff which has been treasured as a relic by the Chapter of Saint-Seurin (for this cycle of legends see Limoges).

The first Bishop of Bordeaux known to history, Orientalis, is mentioned at the Council of Arles (314). By the close of the fourth century Christianity had made such progress in Bordeaux that a synod was held there (384), summoned by the Emperor Maximus, for the purpose of adopting measures against the Priscillianists, whose heresy had caused popular disturbances.[1] This was during the episcopate of Delphinus of Bordeaux (380–404), who attended the Council of Saragossa in 380,[2] and maintained correspondence with St. Ambrose and with St. Paulinus of Nola.

At the beginning of the 5th century a mysterious figure, who according to St. Gregory of Tours came from the East, appeared in Bordeaux: Severinus (Seurin), in whose favour Bishop Amand abdicated the see from 410 to 420, resuming it after Seurin's death and occupying it until 432. In the sixth century Bordeaux had an illustrious bishop in the person of Leontius II (542–564), a man of great influence who used his wealth in building churches and clearing lands and whom the poet Fortunatus calls patriae caput.

During this Merovingian period the cathedral church, founded in the fourth century, occupied the same site that it does today, tight against the ramparts of the ancient city. The Faubourg Saint-Seurin outside the city was a great centre of popular devotion, with its three large basilicas of St Stephen, St Seurin, and St Martin surrounding a large necropolis from which a certain number of sarcophagi are still preserved. The cemetery of St Seurin was full of tombs of the Merovingian (early dark ages) period around which the popular imagination was to create legends. In the high noon of the Middle Ages it used to be told how Christ had consecrated this cemetery and that Charlemagne, having fought the Saracens near Bordeaux, had visited it and laid Roland's wonderful horn Olivant/Oliphant on the altar of Saint Seurin.

Dessus l'autel de Saint Seurin le baron, Il met l'oliphant plein d'or et de mangons

translation:

On the altar of Saint Seurin the baron, it put the oliphant full of gold and of gold coins Song of Roland

Many tombs passed for those of Charlemagne's gallant knights and others were honored as the resting-places of Veronica and Benedicta. At the other extremity of the city, Benedictines drained and filled in the marshes of L'Eau-Bourde and founded there the monastery of Sainte-Croix. While thus surrounded by evidence of Christian conquest, the academic Bordeaux of the Merovingian period continued to cherish the memory of its former school of eloquence, whose chief glories had been the poet Ausonius (310–395) and St Paulinus (353–431), who had been a rhetorician at Bordeaux and died Bishop of Nola.

Middle Ages

During the whole 8th century and part of the 9th, no bishops are mentioned for Bordeaux among Vatican and local records. Frotharius was archbishop in 870, when he fled the city in the face of Viking raids.

In the late tenth century, ecclesiastical power was once again concentrated in the hands of the archbishop of Bordeaux when Gombald, brother of William II of Gascony and bishop of all the Gascon sees became archbishop (989). In 1027 the duke of Gascony, Sancho VI, and the duke of Aquitaine, William V, joined together to select Geoffrey II, an Aquitanian Frank, as archbishop. This represented a new ecumenical rôle for the archbishop spanning both regions. The reigns of William VIII and William IX (1052–1127), were noted for the splendid development of Romanesque architecture in Bordeaux. Parts of the churches of Sainte-Croix and Saint-Seurin belong to that time, and the Cathedral of Saint-André was begun in 1096.

In the Middle Ages, a struggle between the metropolitan sees of Bordeaux and Bourges was brought about by the claims of the latter to the primacy of Aquitaine. This question has been closely investigated by modern scholars, and it has been ascertained that a certain letter from Nicholas I to Rodolfus, which purports to date the existence of the primacy of Bourges from the ninth century, is not authentic. As the capital of the Roman province Aquitania prima, Bourges at an early date vaguely aspired to pre-eminence over the provinces of Aquitania secunda and Aquitania tertia and thus over Bordeaux and it was about 1073 that these aspirations were more formally asserted; between 1112 and 1126 the papacy acknowledged them, and in 1146 Pope Eugenius III confirmed the primacy of Pierre de la Chatre, Archbishop of Bourges, over Bordeaux. In 1232, Gregory IX gave the Archbishop of Bourges, as patriarch [sic], the right to visit the province of Aquitaine, imposed upon the Archbishop of Bordeaux the duty of assisting, at least once, at the councils held by his "brother" of Bourges, and decided that appeals might be made from the former to the latter. Occasionally however, as in 1240 and 1284, the Archbishops of Bourges came to Bordeaux, found the doors of the churches closed against them and answered with excommunication the solemn protests made by the Bordeaux clergy against their visits.

Aquitaine was lost to France by the annulment of the marriage between Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine (that earlier took place in the Cathedral of Bordeaux in 1137), and Bordeaux became the capital of the English possessions in France. Thereupon the struggle between the metropolitans of Bordeaux and Bourges assumed a political character, the King of France necessarily upholding the claims of Bourges. Most of the archbishops were conspicuous as agents of English policy in Aquitaine, notably: Guillaume Amanieu (1207–26), on whom King Henry III conferred the title of seneschal and guardian of all his lands beyond the sea, and who took part in Spain in the wars against the (Muslim) Saracens; Gerard de Mallemort (1227–60), a generous founder of monasteries, who acted as mediator between St. Louis and Henry III, and defended Gascony against the tyranny of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. During the episcopate of Gerard de Mallemort the old Romanesque church of Saint-André was transformed into a Gothic cathedral.

Pope Clement V (1305–14) was unfavourable to the claims of Bourges. He was born in Villandraut near Bazas, where he had built a beautiful collegiate church, was Archbishop of Bordeaux (and political adviser to King Philip the Fair) from 1300 to 1305. When he became pope, in spite of sympathies to France proper, his heart was set upon the formal emancipation of Bordeaux from Bourges. By the late fourteenth century, the archbishops, like Francesco Uguccione, were supporters of the English.

Pierre Berland, or Peyberland as tradition calls him (1430–57), was an Archbishop of Bordeaux, noted for his intelligence and holiness, founder of the University of Bordeaux and of the College of St. Raphael for poor students, who, after helping the English to defend Bordeaux against the troops of Charles VII of France, later received John of Orléans, Count of Dunois, into his episcopal city and surrendered it to France. It was during his episcopate that the beautiful campanile known as the Pey Berland Tower was added to the cathedral.

The rich and powerful Canons of the Churches of Saint-André and Saint-Seurin engaged in frequent and animated conflicts. The artistic investment of the canons of these churches in the thirteenth century is attested by the Gothic portal of Saint-Seurin which is still extant. At the end of the fourteenth century Canon Vital de Carle established the Hospital of Saint-André, which he placed under the protection of the municipality; and it was through the exertions of the Cathedral Chapter of Saint-André that the first city library of Bordeaux was founded c. 1402.

During the Middle Ages Bordeaux added Carmelite, Franciscan, and Dominican convents, founded respectively in 1217, 1227, and 1230. When, after the Hundred Years' War, Bordeaux came under French control (1453), Louis XI flattered its citizens by joining the confraternity of Notre-Dame de Montuzet, a religious association formed of all the mariners of the Gironde by heaping favours on the church of Saint-Michel, the tower of which, built in the period between 1473 and 1492, was higher than the Pey Berland, and by furthering the canonization of its former archbishop, Pierre Berland.

Councils and synods

In 1214 an important church council was held in Bordeaux by Cardinal Robert de Corzon, the Papal Legate in France,[3] against usurers, highwaymen, and heretics.[4] A council in Bordeaux in 1215 arranged a peace between Gaillard d'Autorna and Guillaume Gombadi, abbot of St. Croix.[5] A diocesan synod, held on 13 April 1255 by Archbishop Gerard de Malemort, legislated mostly on matters of clerical discipline, relics, and taxation.[6] In 1262 Archbishop Pierre de Roncevault held a diocesan synod which produced seven rulings, four of them on dealing with excommunication, and the others on burial (forbidding one parish priest from burying the dead of another parish), confirmation (giving proper notice), and marriage (clandestine marriages bringing excommunication to the ministers, contracting parties, and witnesses).[7]

In 1583 Archbishop Antoine le Prévost de Sansac held a provincial council which produced thirty-six canons, similar to those which were being issued in other French ecclesiastical provinces, enacting decrees of the Council of Trent, especially as relating to the proper operation of seminaries in each diocese.[8]

A provincial council was held at Bordeaux by Cardinal de Sourdis in 1624.[9]

List of Archbishops of Bordeaux

to 1100
[Antonius (7th–8th centuries)][lower-alpha 2]
[Fronto (7th–8th centuries)][lower-alpha 3]
Verebulphus (769)[lower-alpha 4]
[Andron (1059)][34]
  • Joscelin de Parthenay (1060 – 19 June 1086)[35]
  • Amatus (1089 – 22 May 1101)[36]

from 1100 to 1400
  • Arnaud Géraud de Cabanac (1103 – 29 April 1131)[37]
  • Gérard d'Angoulême (de Blaye) (1131–1135), usurper[38]
  • Geoffrey III (1136 – 18 July 1158)[39]
  • Raimond de Mareuil (1158– 23 December 1159)[40]
  • Hardouin (1160 – 4 July 1162)[41]
  • Bertrand de Montault (July 1162 – 18 December 1173)[42]
  • Guillaume I (1173–1187)[43]
  • Hélie de Malemort (1188–1207)[44]
  • Guillaume II (1207 – 13 September 1227)[45]
  • Géraud de Malemort (1227–1261)[46]
  • Pierre de Roncevault (23 March 1262 – 11 January 1270)[47]
Sede Vacante (1270 – 4 September 1275)[48]
  • Simon de Rochechouart (4 September 1275 – 1280)[49]
  • Guillaume III (1285–c.1287)[50]
  • Henri de Genève (25 July 1289 – April 1297)[51]
Boson de Salignac (after April 1297 – 22 December 1299)[52]
  • Raymond Bertrand de Got (23 December 1299 – 5 June 1305), future Pope Clement V[53]
  • Arnaud de Canteloup, senior (1305)[54]
  • Arnaud de Canteloup, junior (28 July 1306 – 26 March 1332)[55]
  • Pierre de Luc (13 May 1332 – 1345)[56]
  • Amanieu de Cazes (19 January 1347 – 1348)[57]
  • Bernard de Cazes (17 September 1348 – 1351)[58]
  • Amanieu de La Mothe (28 September 1351 – 27 June 1360)[59]
  • Philippe de Chambarlhac (21 July 1360 – May/June 1361)[60]
  • Hélie de Salignac (24 September 1361 – 7 May 1378)[61]
  • Guillaume Bruni (11 February 1379 – after 1411) (Avignon Obedience)[62]
  • Raimond Bernard de Roqueis (1380 – 15 March 1384) (Roman Obedience) [63]
  • Francesco Uguccione (1384–1412), cardinal (Roman Obedience)[64]

from 1400 to 1700
  • Jean de Montferrand (1 July 1409 – 1410)[65]
  • David de Montferrand (1413–1430)[66]
  • Pey Berland (16 October 1430 – 1456)[67]
  • Blaise Régnier de Gréelle (24 September 1456 – 1467)[68]
  • Arthur de Montauban (11 January 1465 – March 1478)[69]
  • André d'Espinay (28 April 1479 – 10 November 1500)[70]
  • Jean de Foix (9 December 1501 – 25 June 1529)[71]
  • Gabriel de Gramont (1529–1530)[72]
  • Charles de Gramont (9 March 1530 – 1544)[73]
  • Jean du Bellay (17 December 1544 – 1553) (Administrator)[74]
Jean de Montluc (3 July 1551 – 1553)[75]
  • François de Mauny (13 September 1553 – 1558)[76]
  • Cardinal Jean du Bellay (1558–1560) (Administrator)[77]
  • Antoine Prévost de Sansac (4 September 1560 – 17 October 1591)[78]
  • Jean Le Breton (1592–1599)[79]
  • Cardinal François d'Escoubleau de Sourdis (5 July 1599 – 18 June 1628)[80]
  • Henri d'Escoubleau de Sourdis (1629 – 18 June 1645)[81]
  • Henri de Béthune (1646 – 11 May 1680)[82]
  • Louis d'Anglure de Bourlemont (6 September 1680 – 9 November 1697)[83]
  • Armand Bazin de Bezons (1698-1719)[84]

since 1700
  • François Élie de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1719-1728)[85]
  • François Honoré de Casaubon de Maniban (1729-1743)[86]
  • Louis-Jacques d'Audibert de Lussan (1743-1769)[87]
  • Ferdinand de Rohan-Guémené (26 December 1769 – 28 January 1781)[88]
  • Jérôme-Marie Champion de Cicé (28 January 1781 – 8 October 1801)[89]
  • Pierre Pacareau (14 March 1791 – 1797) (Constitutional Metropolitan of 'Sud-Ouest')[90]
  • Dominique Lacombe (24 December 1797 – 1801) (Constitutional Metropolitan)[91]

See also

Notes and references
Notes
  1. His identity as bishop of Bordeaux is in doubt. Bishop Nicasius of Angoulême was a fellow bishop of Gundegisel of Bordeaux. Martha Gail Jenks (1999). From Queen to Bishop: A Political Biography of Radegund of Poiters. University of California, Berkeley. He was present at the Council of Mâcon in 585 with Bishop Bertechramnus: De Clercq, p. 249. Fisquet, p. 55.
  2. His identity as bishop of Bordeaux is in doubt. Gams, p. 519 column 2, assigns him to Angoulême. Fisquet, p. 54.
  3. His identity as bishop of Bordeaux is in doubt. Gams, p. 519 column 2, assigns him to Angoulême.
  4. His identity as bishop of Bordeaux is somewhat in doubt. A manuscript of Verona, published by Gaetano Cenni in 1735, reporting on the Roman council of 769, lists Verabulpo Episcopo Burtevulgo. J. D. Mansi (ed.) Tomus XII, p. 715; Gams, p. 519 column 2. Albert Werminghoff, in Monumenta Germaniae historica: Concilia. Legum sectio III (in German and Latin). Tomus II, Pars I. Hannover-Leipzig: Hahn. 1906. p. 80., suggests that he was Berohelpos, Bishop of Wirsburg.
References
  1. C. Munier, Concilia Galliae A. 314 – A. 506 (Turnhout: Brepols 1963), p. 46. Charles Joseph Hefele (1876). A History of the Councils of the Church: From the Original Documents. Volume II. Edinburgh: Clark. pp. 384–386.
  2. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus III (Florence 1759), p. 638 (in Latin). Hefele, pp. 292-293.
  3. Corzon was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent III in 1212 (or 1216: Eubel, I, p. 5 no. 31).
  4. Thomas Rymer (1745). Foedera, conventiones, literae, et cujuscumque generis acta publica inter reges Angliae, et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices... ab 1101 ad nostra usque tempora (in Latin). Tomi I, pars 1 et 2 (third ed.). The Hague: Joannes Neaulme. pp. 61, col. 2.
  5. Gallia christiana II, p. 862.
  6. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXIII (Venice 1779), pp. 857-866 (in Latin). Adolphe Charles Peltier (1846). Dictionnaire universel et complet des conciles: tant généraux que particuliers des principaux synodes diocésains, et des autres assemblées ecclésiastiques le plus remarquables (in French). Tome premier. Paris: Ateliers Catholiques. pp. 345–346. (in French)
  7. Peltier, p. 346.
  8. Peltier, pp. 346-348. Edward Henry Landon (1846). A Manual of Councils of the Holy Catholic Church. London: Francis & John Rivington. pp. 83–84.
  9. Concile de Bordeaux (1623). Decreta concilii provincialis Burdigalae [Bordeaux] habiti. Sub reverendissimo D. D. Antonio Prevotio Sansaco, archiepiscopo Burdigalensi, Aquit. Primate. Una cum legibus Seminariorum. Omnia à S. Sede Apostolica approbata. Illustrissimi ac Reverendissimi D. D. Francisci S. R. E. tituli sanctae praxedis presbyteri Card. de Sourdis, archiep. Burd. Aquit. Primatis jussu iteratò recusa (in Latin). Bordeaux: Excudebat Sim. Millangius. Peltier, pp. 349-355 (in French).
  10. Duchesne, p. 60 no. 1. C. Munier, Concilia Galliae A. 314 – A. 506 (Turnhout: Brepols 1963), pp. 15, 18, 20, 21.
  11. Delphinus was one of twelve bishops present at the Council of Saragossa in 380. He is mentioned in the letters of Paulinus of Nola, a native of Bordeaux, for the last time in 400; he is mentioned as deceased in 404. J.-D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima. Tomus III (Florence 1759), p. 636. Fisquet, pp. 23-30. Duchesne, p. 60 no. 2.
  12. Amandus was the successor of Delphinus. Fisquet, pp. 30-34. Duchesne, p. 60 no. 3.
  13. Fisquet, pp. 34-36. Duchesne, p. 60 no. 4.
  14. Gallicinus is mentioned by Sidonius Apollinaris. Fisquet, pp. 36-37. Duchesne, p. 60 no. 5.
  15. Amelius: Fisquet, p. 37.
  16. Cyrpian: Gallia christiana II, pp. 791-792. Fisquet, p. 37.
  17. Fisquet, pp. 38-39.
  18. Leontius II: Fisquet, pp. 39-43. Duchesne, p. 61 no. 9. C. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 – A. 695 (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), pp. 168.
  19. Bertechramnus, or Bertram, was present at the Council of Paris in 577 and the Council of Mâcon in 585. Gallia christiana II, pp. 795-796. Fisquet, pp. 44-45. De Clercq, pp. 218, 248. Duchesne, pp. 61-62 no. 10.
  20. Gallia christiana II, p. 796. Fisquet, pp. 46-54.
  21. Arnegisel was present at the Council of Paris in 614. A bishop of Bordeaux was represented at the Council of Clichy in 627, but his name is not given. C. De Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 – A. 695 (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 280. Duchesne, p. 62 no. 12.
  22. Duchesne, p. 62, no. 13.
  23. Sicarius had been invited to the synod of Aquisgranense by Louis the Pious, but was unable to attend. In a letter from the Emperor he is called Metropolitan. Gallia christiana II, p. 796. Fisquet, p. 56. Duchesne, p. 62, no. 14.
  24. Adalemus was summoned to the Council of Toulouse in 828. Gallia christiana II, p. 796. Fisquet, pp. 56-57. Duchesne, p. 62, no. 15.
  25. In 876 Frothar was transferred to Bourges, on the grounds that his diocese had become uninhabitable due to the incursions of the Northmen. The transfer was disapproved by the bishops of the Council of Ponthieu in July 876, but sanctioned by Pope John VIII. Fisquet, pp. 57-66. Duchesne, p. 62 no. 16.
  26. Adelbert: Fisquet, pp. 66-68.
  27. Geoffrey: Fisquet, p. 68.
  28. Gombald: Fisquet, pp. 68-71.
  29. Seguin: Fisquet, p. 72.
  30. Arnaud: Fisquet, p. 73.
  31. Islo: Fisquet, pp. 73-74.
  32. Geoffrey: Fisquet, pp. 74-76.
  33. Gallia christiana II, pp. 801-802. Fisquet, pp. 76-78. Gams, 519 column 2.
  34. The only document purportedly signed by Andronicus has impossible signatures and date. Otherwise he is only named in the necrology of Cathedral. There is no evidence that he was consecrated or canonically installed. Gallia christiana II, p. 802. Fisquet, pp. 78-79. Gams, 519 column 2.
  35. Joscelin (Gaucelinus):Gallia christiana II, pp. 802-806. Fisquet, pp. 79-86. Gams, 519 column 2.
  36. Amatus had previously been Bishop of Oleron. Gallia christiana II, p. 806-809. Fisquet, pp. 97-98. Gams, 520 column 1.
  37. Cabanac: Gallia christiana II, pp. 808-810. Fisquet, pp. 96-98. Gams, p. 520 column 1.
  38. Gerard of Angoulême: Gallia christiana II, pp. 810-811. Fisquet, pp. 98-118.
  39. Geoffrey: Gallia christiana II, pp. 811-815. Fisquet, pp. 118-128. Gams, p. 520 column 1.
  40. Raymond had been Bishop of Périgueux: Gallia christiana II, pp. 815-816. Gams, p. 520 column 1.
  41. Hardouin had previously been Bishop of Le Mans. Gallia christiana II, p. 816. Fisquet, p. 131. Gams, p. 520 column 1.
  42. Bertrand had been Bishop of Lectoure. Gallia christiana II, pp. 816-818. Fisquet, pp. 131-134. Gams, p. 520 column 1
  43. Guillaume was previously Abbot of Reading. Gallia christiana II, pp. 818-819.
  44. Hélie: Gallia christiana II, pp. 819-820. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  45. Guillaume Amanieu: Gallia christiana II, pp. 820-822. Fisquet, pp. 139-143. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  46. Gerard de Malemort: Gallia christiana II, pp. 822-824. Fisquet, pp. 143-156. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  47. Pierre: Gallia christiana II, pp. 824-826. Fisquet, pp. 156-161. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  48. No bishop could receive his bulls of consecration or institution from 1270 until 1272, due to the vacancy on the papal throne. Pope Gregory X was not consecrated a bishop until 27 March 1272.
  49. Simon had been Dean of the Cathedral Chapter of Bourges. On 4 September 1275, Pope Gregory X wrote to Simoni de Rupe Caudi, electo Burdigalensi, speaking of a contested election, which had been referred to the pope. Pietro Maria Campi (1651). Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza di Pietro Maria Campi canonico Piacentino (in Italian and Latin). Parte seconda. Giouanni Bazachi. p. 473. Gallia christiana II, pp. 826-827. Fisquet, pp. 162-165.
  50. Guillaume III: Gallia christiana II, pp. 827-828. Fisquet, pp. 165-166. Gams, p. 520 column 1, says that Guillaume seems never to have been consecrated, and Gallia christiana notes that documents refer to the episcopal throne being vacant on 9 December 1285 and 20 February 1286. Eubel, I, p. 150, ignores him completely.
  51. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  52. Boso was elected Archbishop, but never canonically instituted. He was appointed by Pope Boniface VIII to the diocese of Comminges, as Bertrand de Got was promoted to Bordeaux. Fisquet, pp. 167-169. Eubel, I, p. 150 with note 6, 207.
  53. Bertrand de Got had been Bishop of Comminges (28 March 1295–22 December 1299): Fisquet, pp. 169-211. Gams, p. 520 column 1. Eubel, I, p. 150, 207. Sophia Menache (2003). Clement V. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-521-52198-7.
  54. Arnaud was a cousin of Pope Clement V, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Bordeaux, and Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church. He was named a cardinal on 15 December 1305 by Clement V. He died on 14 December 1313. Fisquet, pp. 214-219. Eubel, I, pp. 14 no. 3; 150.
  55. Arnaud was the nephew of Cardinal Arnaud de Canteloup, and thus a relative of Pope Clement V. Fisquet, pp. 214-219. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  56. Pierre de Luc: Fisquet, p. 222.
  57. Amanieu de Cazes: Fisquet, p. 220. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  58. Bernard de Cazes: Fisquet, p. 221. Eubel, p. 150.
  59. Amanevus de Apta was the nephew of Cardinal Gaillard de la Mothe; his mother was a niece of Pope Clement V. He had been a Canon of the Cathedral Chapter of Bordeaux. Fisquet, pp. 221-222. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  60. Philippe had previously been Bishop of Sitten (Sion, Switzerland) (1338–1342), and then Archbishop of Nicosia (Cyprus) (1342–1361). He died after 24 April 1361, but before 29 June, probably in May or June. Gallia christiana II, p. 836. Fisquet, pp. 222-223. Eubel, I, pp. 150, 365, 442.
  61. Hélie de Salignac had been Precentor in the Cathedral of Fréjus, and then Bishop of Sarlat (1359–1361). He died on 7 May 1378. Gallia christiana II, pp. 836-837. Fisquet, pp. 223-226. Eubel, I, pp. 150, 436.
  62. Guillaume: Gallia christiana II, pp. 837-838.Fisquet, p. 226. Eubel, I, p. 150.
  63. Roqueis was claimed as the immediate successor of Archbishop Hélie de Salignac in the Roman Obedience. Fisquet, pp. 227-228.
  64. Uguccione had previously been Bishop of Faenza (1378–1383) and Archbishop of Benevento (1383-1384), on the appointment of Urban VI. He was named a cardinal by Pope Innocent VII (Roman Obedience) on 12 June 1405. He supported the Council of Pisa in 1409. Gallia christiana II, pp. 839-840. Fisquet, pp. 229-232. Eubel, I, pp. 26 no. 3, 133, 151. Konrad Eubel, in: Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte (in German). Rome: Herder. 1893. p. 430.
  65. Jean de Montferrand was approved by Gregory XII (Roman Obedience), though he had been deposed from the papacy by the Council of Pisa. Eubel, I, p. 151 note 12.
  66. David de Montferrand: Fisquet, pp. 232-233. Eubel, I, p. 151 with note 12.
  67. Pierre Berland died on 17 January 1457. Gams, p. 520 column 2. Fisquet, pp. 233-241. Eubel, I, p. 151.
  68. Gréelle: Fisquet, pp. 241-247. Eubel, II, p. 112.
  69. Montauban: Fisquet, pp. 247-253. Eubel, II, p. 112.
  70. Espinay had also been Abbot of Saint-Wandrille. Espinay was transferred to the diocese of Lyon on 1 October 1488, but allowed to retain the diocese of Bordeaux. He was named a cardinal by Pope Innocent VIII on 9 March 1489. Fisquet, pp. 254-256. Eubel, II, pp. 21, no. 4; 112 with note 3; 182 with n. 4.
  71. Jean de Foix: Fisquet, pp. 256-258. Eubel, II, p. 112; III, p. 142 with n. 2.
  72. Gabriel de Gramont resigned on becoming a cardinal. Fisquet, pp. 258-264. Eubel, III, p. 142 with note 3 and 4.
  73. Charles de Gramont: Fisquet, pp. 264-265. Eubel, III, p. 142 with note 5.
  74. Jean du Bellay was a French delegate to the Diet of Speyer in 1545. He was named Bishop of Mans in 1546. In 1547 he was named to the Royal Council by King Francis I. After the coronation of Henri II, Cardinal du Bellay resigned the Bishopric of Paris and retired to Rome. On 28 February 1550 he was named Bishop of the suburbicarian See of Albano. On 29 May 1555 he was transferred to Tusculum. Fisquet, pp. 265-274. Eubel, III, p. 142 with note
  75. Cardinal du Bellay resigned the diocese of Bordeaux in favor of Montluc. Fisquet, p. 274. Eubel, III, p. 142 with note 4. Cf. Henry Outram Evennett (1930). The Cardinal of Lorraine and the Council of Trent: A Study in the Counter-Reformation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38. GGKEY:UXP8GKYRRK3., who says that Cardinal du Bellay refused to resign. In any case, Montluc was named Bishop of Valence et Die on 30 March 1554, though he was deposed on 11 December 1566 for heresy (Protestantism). Eubel, III, p. 256.
  76. De Mauny: Fisquet, pp. 274-275. Eubel, III, p. 142 with note 10.
  77. Du Bellay: Eubel, III, p. 142 with note 11.
  78. Prévost had been a Canon of Angouleme. Fisquet, pp. 275-280. Eubel, III, p. 142 with note
  79. Le Breton: Gauchat, IV, p. 229.
  80. François d'Escoubleau was previously Bishop of Mallezais. He was named Archbishop of Bordeaux at the age of 19. His mother was the aunt of Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress of Henri IV. He was named a cardinal by Pope Clement VIII on 3 March 1599. Fisquet, pp. 286-317. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 6 no. 32; p. 123 with note 2; 229.
  81. Henri d'Escoubleau was a younger brother of Cardinal François d'Escoubleau, and had previously been Bishop of Mallezais. Fisquet, pp. 317-341. Gauchat, IV, p. 123 with note 3.
  82. Fisquet, pp. 341-347. Louis Bertrand (1902). La vie de Messire Henry de Béthune: archevèque de Bordeaux (1604-1680) (in French). Paris: A. Picard.Gauchat, IV, p. 123 with note 4; 229.
  83. Bourlemont was previously Bishop of Mallezais. Fisquet, pp. 347-350. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 129 with note 3.
  84. Bazin: Fisquet, pp. 350-353. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 140 with note 4; 229.
  85. Argenson: Fisquet, pp. 354-357. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 130 with note 5.
  86. Casaubon: Fisquet, pp. 357-361. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 130 with note 6.
  87. Audibert de Lussan: Fisquet, pp. 371-381.
  88. Rohan-Guémené: Fisquet, pp. 371-380.
  89. Cicé signed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy in June 1790, but on 21 October he retracted. He went into exile in London. Fisquet, pp. 380-394.
  90. Pacareau: Fisquet, pp. 395-409.
  91. Lacombe was elected Metropolitan by the council of Paris, and consecrated by Constitutional Bishop Jean-Pierre Saurine on 14 February 1798. All the Constitutional bishops were required to resign in mid-1801. Fisquet, pp. 409-416.
  92. d'Aviau Du Bois de Sanzay had previously been Archbishop of Vienne (1789-1801). Fisquet, pp. 416-467. H. Lelièvre, in: Société bibliographique (France) (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802-1905). Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères. pp. 141–142.Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 441; VII, p. 121.
  93. Cheverus was born in Mayenne in 1768. He had previously been Bishop of Boston (1810–1823), and Bishop of Montauban (1823–1826). He was named a cardinal by Pope Gregory XVI on 1 February 1836. Lelièvre, L'épiscopat français... pp. 143-144. E. van Cauwenbergh, "Jean-Louis Lefebvre de Cheverus," Dictionnaire d'histoire et de geographie ecclesiastique (Paris, 1953), XII, p. 650 (in French). Annabelle McConnell Melville (1958). Jean Lefebvre de Cheverus, 1768-1836. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company. Fisquet, pp. 467-506. Ritzler-Sefrin, VII, pp. 115, 121.
  94. Donnet: Fisquet, pp. 506-605. Lelièvre, L'épiscopat français... pp. 144-145. Ritzler-Sefrin, VII, p. 121, 275, 323; VIII, p. 51.
  95. Lelièvre, in: L'épiscopat français... pp. 145-146.
  96. Lecot had been Bishop of Dijon (1886–1890). Revue catholique des revues françaises et étrangères (in French) (Tome II ed.). Paris: P. Lethielleux. 1896. pp. 667–669. Lelièvre, in: L'épiscopat français... pp. 146-147. Harris M. Lentz (2009). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Jefferson NC USA: McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4766-2155-5.
  97. "Resignations and Appointments, 14.11.2019" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.

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Acknowledgment
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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