Robert E. Kraut

Robert E. Kraut (born August 30, 1946) is an American social psychologist who studies human-computer interaction, online communities, internet use, group coordination, computers in organizations, and the role of visual elements in interpersonal communication. He is a Herbert Simon Professor of Human-computer Interaction at the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.

Robert E. Kraut
Born (1946-08-30) August 30, 1946[1]
Nationality United States
Citizenship United States
Alma materLehigh University (B.A., 1968)
Yale University (Ph.D., 1973)
AwardsGolden Fleece Award, CHI Academy, Fellow Association for Psychological Science, Fellow, Association for Computing Machinery
Scientific career
FieldsSocial psychology, Human-Computer Interaction
InstitutionsCarnegie Mellon University
(1993– )
Bell Communications Research (1984–1993)
Princeton University (1983–1988)
Bell Labs (1980–1983)
Cornell University (1974–1981)
University of Pennsylvania (1972–1974)[1]

Background

Robert Kraut graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Lehigh University in 1968 and received his Ph.D. in social psychology from Yale University in 1973.[1] He joined the sociology faculty at the University of Pennsylvania in 1972 and moved to Cornell University in 1974.

In 1980, Kraut joined Bell Labs as a visiting scientist and departed Cornell in 1981 to become a full-time scientist working in Bell's Interface Planning group. Following the 1984 Bell System divestiture, he worked in the Behavioral Science research group at Bell Communications Research (Bellcore) and later became the director of the Interpersonal Communication research. During his tenure at Bell, Kraut was also a visiting lecturer and fellow at Princeton University. In 1993, Kraut left Bellcore and accepted a full-time faculty appointment at Carnegie Mellon University as a professor of social psychology and human computer interaction. Kraut was named the Herbert A. Simon Professor of Human-computer Interaction in 2000.[1]

He was elected to the CHI Academy in 2003. He is board member of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the US National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Psychological Society and of the Association for Computing Machinery (2011).[2]

Research

Kraut's research focuses on five areas: online communities, everyday use of the Internet, technology and conversation, collaboration in small work groups, and computers in organizations. He has published more than 100 articles, papers and books. He first examines the challenges that individuals, groups, and organizations face when performing social tasks. Working with computer scientists and engineers to create and determine the usefulness of the new technology, he believes his findings can lead to the design of new technology to meet some of these challenges.

Online Communities

His most recent work examines factors influencing the success of online communities and ways to apply psychology theory to their design. This includes academic studies about Wikipedia, for example, research with Aniket Kittur on the condition that lead to better quality in Wikipedia articles and with Moira Burke in predicting successful candidates for Wikipedia administrators.[3][4]

Kraut focuses on determining what motivates people to commit and contribute to online communities and designing these communities to be more successful. He also works with Niki Kittur to understand coordination in online communities, with John Levine to understand socialization between newcomers and these communities, and with Laura Dabbish and Tom Postmes to design for commitment purposes. The results of much of this research are summarized in the book, Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design.

Everyday use of the Internet

Kraut investigates how people use the Internet daily and the effects it is having on them and their social relationships. In 1995, Kraut and Sara Kiesler documented individuals and families’ usage with electronic communication and information services and the integration of and the impact these services are having on their social and psychological well-being.[5]

Recently with Jonathon Cummings and Irina Shklovski, Kraut has looked into how people who are moving around to different locations use the Internet to build and maintain social connections. He also worked with Moira Burke and examined how various uses of Facebook influence users’ social capital, health, and psychological well-being.[6]

Technology and conversation

Since 1979, Kraut has been examining how pairs coordinate their conversation because it has been shown that working in the same location enhances collaboration, which improves communication efficiency.[7]

Recently, he, Susan R. Fussell, Susan Brennan, and Darren Gergle are looking into how a shared visual space influences collaboration, how the usefulness of visual information interacts with tasks, and identify ways to build communication systems for remote collaborative work.[7]

Managing Attention

Economic markets are the social institution for fairly allocating scarce resources. In this area of research, Kraut wants to find out how to align the intuition that markets for attention with those who are sending and receiving the information. He also wants to be able to test the markets. Kraut has been working with Jim Morris, Shyam Sunder, and Rahul Telang on this research.[7] They acknowledged that groups can only collaborate effectively if they are communicating spontaneously and informally. However, interruptions may cause them to be less productive. Laura Dabbish and Kraut are working towards finding ways to manage interruptions more efficiently in order to decrease disruption.[7]

In 1979, Dr. Kraut and his Cornell psychology colleague Robert E. Johnston published an article studying smiling behavior among bowlers, hockey fans, and pedestrians. Their findings suggested that smiling emerges in response to social motivations rather than emotional experience and serves an important role in nonverbal communication.[8] Although it substantiated theories in the emerging field of evolutionary psychology, Wisconsin Senator William Proxmire identified this federally sponsored research as an instance of wasteful government spending and highlighted it in March 1980 with a "Golden Fleece Award".[9][10][11]

Coordination in groups

Performing the same task as a group is inherently different than individuals doing so because coordination is needed when working with others. Working with Susan Fussell, Javier Lerch, and Alberto Espinosa, Kraut has been observing coordination in groups in laboratory and field settings as well as in a variety of groups, including research collaborations, managerial teams, military crews at NORAD, pick up groups in World of Warcraft, and software development teams. They found that one effective method teams use to coordinate is developing mental models of one another, their goals, the tasks that need to be done, and their environment. Such models improve coordination with less communication.

Curriculum

Outside of his research, Kraut is also currently teaching undergraduate, masters, and PhD courses at Carnegie Mellon University. His recent classes include the following: Communication in Groups and Organizations, Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Designing Online Communities, Social Science Perspectives in HCI, HCI Process and Theory, and HCI Undergraduate Project Course.

His objective in Communication in Groups and Organizations is to help students learn about the communication challenges that come with group work and how to effectively resolved them. Students can better understand successful communication by applying data gathering and research principles in case studies and group exercises.[12] His class Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Designing Online Communities is intended to provide knowledge for his students to distinguish between effective and ineffective online communities and the skills to design effective ones. Social Science Perspectives in HCI is a seminar-style course that covers not only the history of human-computer interaction, but also innovative findings in information systems. Through readings, he discusses different approaches in research and addresses the challenges that researchers face in this field of study.[13] HCI Process and Theory and the HCI Undergraduate Project Course are research-based classes where Kraut engage in semester-long projects with a group of students.[14]

His former courses also include the HCI Masters’ Project Course and The Social Web.

Publications

Dr. Kraut has co-authored a number of books relating to the intersection of technology and the social sciences (often under the Human-Computer Interaction umbrella throughout his career.

Books
  • Hartmann, Heidi I.; Kraut, R. E.; Tilly, Louise A. (1986). Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-585-26155-5.
  • Kraut, Robert E., ed. (1987). Technology and The Transformation of White-Collar Work. Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-89859-633-5.
  • Galegher, J.; Kraut, R. E.; Egido, C., eds. (1990). Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technological Bases for Cooperative Work. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-0534-6.
  • Turner, J.; Kraut, R. E., eds. (1992). Sharing Perspectives: Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. New York: Association of Computing Machinery. ISBN 0-89791-542-9.
  • Committee on Telecommuting and Technology (1994). Research Recommendations to Facilitate Distributed Work. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-05185-1.
  • Kraut, Robert E.; Brynin, Malcolm; Kiesler, Sara, eds. (2006). Computers, phones, and the Internet: Domesticating information technology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517963-3.
Dr. Kraut collaborated with Malcolm Brynin and Sara Kiesler to write Computers, Phones, and the Internet. The book focuses on understanding the impact of increasing mass access to information in contexts outside of the workplace. Specifically, the authors focus on the effects new technology has on social contexts including family dynamics, educational settings, social relationships, and daily routines.[15]
  • Kraut, Robert E.; Resnick, P., eds. (2013). Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Dr. Kraut’s most recent book, Building Successful Online Communities is a collaboration with Dr. Paul Resnick at the University of Michigan. The book draws on theory and empirical research to give a broad understanding of what causes online communities to succeed or fail. Kraut and Resnick segment the book into a variety of design claims focused on how to improve the design of online communities. These claims are supported by evidence from academic research in the social sciences, namely psychology and economics.[16]
A major theme of Building Successful Online Communities centers on what it means to be a successful online community. Some common themes of success involve the ability to attract newcomers, encourage commitment and contribution, and regulate group member behavior.[17] Specifically, Kraut and Resnick’s argue “to be successful, online communities need the people who participate in them to contribute the resources on which the group's existence is built.”

Highly cited articles
  • Kraut, Robert E.; Johnston, Robert E. (September 1979). "Social and emotional messages of smiling: An ethological approach". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 37 (9): 1539–1553. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1539.
  • Kraut, Robert E.; Fish, Robert S.; Root, Robert W.; Chalfonte, Barbara L.; Oskamp, I. S. (1990). "Informal communication in organizations: Form, function, and technology". In Oskamp, S.; Spacapan, S. (eds.). Human reactions to technology: Claremont symposium on applied social psychology.
  • Fish, Robert S.; Kraut, Robert E.; Root, Robert W.; Rice, Ronald E. (January 1993). "Video as a technology for informal communication". Communications of the ACM. 36 (1): 48–61. doi:10.1145/151233.151237. S2CID 15953180.
  • Kraut, Robert E.; Streeter, Lynn A. (March 1995). "Coordination in software development". Communications of the ACM. 38 (3): 69–81. doi:10.1145/203330.203345. S2CID 18155214.
  • Kraut, Robert E.; Rice, Ronald E.; Cool, Colleen; Fish, Robert S. (1998). "Varieties of Social Influence: The Role of Utility and Norms in the Success of a New Communication Medium". Organization Science. 9 (4): 437–453. doi:10.1287/orsc.9.4.437. JSTOR 2640271.
  • Subrahmanyam, Kaveri; Kraut, Robert E.; Greenfield, Patricia M.; Gross, Elisheva F. (2000). "The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children's Activities and Development". The Future of Children. 10 (2): 123–144. doi:10.2307/1602692. JSTOR 1602692. PMID 11255703.
  • Bennen, Gerard; Ling, Kimberly; Wang, Xiaoqing; Chang, Klarissa; Frankowski, Dan; Resnick, Paul; Kraut, Robert E. (2004). "Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities". Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work: 212. doi:10.1145/1031607.1031642. ISBN 1581138105. S2CID 3056870.

Other publications
  • Kraut wrote Re-engineering Social Encounters, an essay reflecting back to his research on social psychology. He explained how he felt in an environment filled with computer scientists and engineers, and what he learned as a result of the challenges he faced.[18]
  • Kraut was featured in an article called, “Inventing the Future”. It was published in the School of Computer Science’s (cite 5) alumni magazine at Carnegie Mellon University. It delved into his accomplishments and his contributions in founding the Human-Computer Interaction Institute.[19]

References
  1. "Curricula Vitae" (PDF). Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
  2. "About ACM Fellows". awards.acm.org.
  3. Kittur, Aniket; Kraut, Robert E. (2008). "Harnessing the Wisdom of Crowds in Wikipedia: Quality Through Coordination". Proceedings of 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work: 37. doi:10.1145/1460563.1460572. S2CID 1184433.
  4. Burke, Moira; Kraut, Robert E. (2008). "Taking up the mop: identifying future Wikipedia administrators". Proceedings of 2008 ACM Conference on Computer-Human Interaction: 3441. doi:10.1145/1358628.1358871. S2CID 5868576.
  5. "HomeNet: A Field Trial of Residential Internet Services". SIGCHI. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  6. Burke, M; Kraut, R (2016). "The Relationship Between Facebook Use and Well-Being Depends on Communication Type and Tie Strength" (PDF). Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 21 (265): 281. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12162. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  7. Kraut, Robert. "Research". Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  8. Kraut, Robert E.; Johnston, Robert E. (September 1979). "Social and emotional messages of smiling: An ethological approach". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 37 (9): 1539–1553. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.9.1539.
  9. Diener, Ed (2006). "Why Robert Kraut Smiles". Observer. Association for Psychological Science.
  10. Nell Greenfieldboyce, 'Shrimp On A Treadmill': The Politics Of 'Silly' Studies, NPR, August 23, 2011
  11. Kraut, Robert. "Overview & requirements | Organization Communication 2015".
  12. Kraut, Robert. "Overview & requirements".
  13. Kraut, Robert. "HCII Process and Theory".
  14. Kraut, Robert E.; Brynin, Malcolm; Kiesler, Sara (2006). Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology. ISBN 9780195312805.
  15. "Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design". AcaWiki. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  16. "Building Successful Online Communities". The MIT Press. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
  17. Kraut, Robert (July 2003). "Psychologists in Non-Traditional Academic Departments". Observer. 16.
  18. Keppler, Nick. "Inventing the future" (PDF). School of Computer Science Alumni Magazine. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
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