Rhabdopleurida

Rhabdopleurida is one of three orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals. Members belong to the hemichordates.[2][3] Species in this order are sessile, colonial, connected with a stolon, living in clear water and secrete tubes called tubarium. They have a single gonad, the gill slits are absent and the collar has two tentaculated arms. [4] Rhabdopleura is the best studied pterobranch in developmental biology.[5] Some claim Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite.[6][7]

Rhabdopleura
Rhabdopleura normani
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Hemichordata
Class:	Pterobranchia
Order:	Rhabdopleurida
Family:	Rhabdopleuridae Allman, 1869[1]
Genera
?†Archaeocryptolaria Chapman 1919 ?†Haplograptus Ulrich & Ruedemann, 1931 ex Ruedemann 1933 ?†Malongitubus Hu 2005 ?†Sphenoecium Chapman & Thomas 1936 ?†Yuknessia Walcott 1919 †Calyxhydra Kozlowski 1959 †Chitinodendron Eisenack 1937 †Cylindrohydra Kozłowski 1959 †Diplohydra Kozlowski 1949 †Eorhabdopleura Kozlowski 1970 †Epigraptus Eisenack 1941 †Fasciculitubus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967 †Graptovermis Kozlowski 1938 ex Kozlowski 1949 †Haliolophus Sars 1868 †Idiotubus Kozłowski 1949 †Kystodendron Kolowski 1959 †Lagenohydra Kozlowski 1959 †Palaeokylix Eisenack 1932 †Palaeotuba Eisenack 1934 †Rhabdopleurites Kozlowski 1967 †Rhabdopleuroides Kozlowski 1961 †Rhabdotubus Bengtson & Urbanek 1986 †Sphenothallus Chapman 1917 non Hall 1847 †Stolonodendrum Kozlowski 1938 ex Kozlowski 1949 †Xenotheca Eisenack 1937 Rhabdopleura Allman 1869
Synonyms
Order Stolonoidea Kozlowski 1938 Family Graptovermidae Kozlowski 1949 Idiotubidae Kozlowski 1949 Rhabdopleuritidae Mierzejewski 1986 Rhabdopleuroididae Mierzejewski 1986 Stolonodendridae Bulman 1955

Taxonomy

This small order is monotypic. It has only a single genus, containing four to six living species.

Order Rhabdopleurida Fowler 1892

• Family Rhabdopleuridae Harmer 1905
  • Genus Rhabdopleura Allman 1869
    • Rhabdopleura annulata Norman 1921 — Indo-Pacific region
    • Rhabdopleura compacta Hincks 1880 — Atlantic
    • Rhabdopleura normani Allmann, 1869 — Atlantic and parts of the Pacific
    • Rhabdopleura recondita Beli, Cameron and Piraino, 2018 — Mediterranean
    • Rhabdopleura striata Schepotieff 1909 — Pacific (Sri Lanka)

Nomen dubium:

• Rhabdopleura grimaldi Julien 1890 nomen dubium
• Rhabdopleura manubialis Jullien & Calvet 1903 nomen dubium

Extinct species:

• †Rhabdopleura delmari Mortelmans 1955
• †Rhabdopleura graysoni Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
• †Rhabdopleura hollandi Rickards, Chapman & Temple 1984
• †Rhabdopleura kozlowskii Kulicki 1969
• †Rhabdopleura obuti Durman & Sennikov 1993
• †Rhabdopleura sinica Chapman, Durman & Rickards 1995
• †Rhabdopleura vistulae Kozlowski 1956

References

1. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3): 477–540. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1465. ISSN 1214-1119.
2. Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu
3. Eol.org
4. Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
5. Sato, A; Bishop JDD; Holland PWH (2008). "Developmental biology of pterobranch hemichordates: history and perspectives". Genesis. 46 (11): 587–91. doi:10.1002/dvg.20395. PMID 18798243.
6. Sato, A; Rickards, RB; Holland PWH (2008). "The origins of graptolites and other pterobranchs: a journey from 'Polyzoa'". Lethaia. 41: 303–316. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00123.x.
7. Mitchell, Charles E.; Michael J. Melchin; Chris B. Cameron; Jörg Maletz (2012). "Phylogenetic analysis reveals that Rhabdopleura is an extant graptolite". Lethaia. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00319.x. ISSN 0024-1164.

• Marinespecies.org
• ITIS.gov
• Hayward, P.J.; Ryland, J.S. (Ed.) (1990). The marine fauna of the British Isles and North-West Europe: 1. Introduction and protozoans to arthropods. Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-857356-1. 627 pp.