Revolutionary Offensive

The Revolutionary Offensive was a political campaign in Cuba starting in 1968 to nationalize all remaining private small businesses, which at the time totaled to be about 58,000 small enterprises.[1] The campaign would spur industrialization in Cuba and focus the economy on sugar production, specifically to a deadline for an annual sugar harvest of 10 million tons by 1970. The economic focus on sugar production involved international volunteers and the mobilization of workers from all sectors of the Cuban economy.[2] Economic mobilization also coincided with greater militarization of Cuban political structures and society in general.[3]

By 1970 production in other sectors of the Cuban economy had fallen, and the predicted 10 million ton annual harvest fell short to only 8.5 million. The failure of the 1970 harvest caused officials to reassess the Cuban economy, sacrificing egalitarian measures and embracing Soviet influence.[2]

Background

By 1965 Cuba was officially a One-party state after a long period of political solidification by Fidel Castro after the Cuban Revolution. In September 1966 Fidel Castro gave a speech to representatives of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution. In the speech he gave his ruling that workers would no longer receive material bonuses for extra labor and instead be encouraged by moral enthusiasm alone, which distanced Cuba from the soviet model of using material incentives. This independent approach to economic policy fell into a global trend in the Cold War in which Third World countries adopted independent economic strategies in relation to the industrialized dominant power blocs.[4]

Cuba had begun what was refereed to as the "Radical experiment", where the country was to be reorganized to promote revolutionary consciousness and an independent economy. Rural to urban migration was regulated, excess urban workers were sent to the countryside, and agricultural labor became common for students, soldiers, and convicts. The Military Units to Aid Production were established and used "anti-social" prisoners as penal laborers in agriculture.[5]

In February 1968 a group in the Communist Party of Cuba and other official organizations known as the "microfaction" were purged from government. The group numbered almost 40 officials who endorsed soviet-style material incentives over moral enthusiasm to encourage workers. They were accused of conspiring against the state, and made to serve prison sentences.[6]

Events

Implementation

In March 13, 1968 on the eleventh anniversary Havana Presidential Palace attack, Fidel Castro announced plans to nationalize all remaining private businesses in Cuba, thus ushering in the Revolutionary Offensive. The nationalizations would be the first step in the larger economic mobilization of the country to achieve an annual sugar harvest of 10 million tons by 1970.[7] Alcohol sales would be outright banned.[8] Nightclubs and bars were closed and their closures would be justified via official accusations that they were epicenters of prostitution, homosexuality, and crime.[9] The Cuban government would also outright ban self-employment, farmer's markets, and private gardens on state farms. In total the nationalized enterprises included 17,000 food retailers, 2.5000 industrial product merchants, 11,3000 bars and restaurants, 9,600 small workshops, and 14,000 barbers, laundries, and other retail shops.[10]

All production in Cuba would be organized using civil defense structures, where workers would be organized into squadrons, platoons, and other military brackets and be commanded by the military command post in their region. Workers were often moved to temporarily live in work stations outside their cities. The government implemented the Youth Centennial Column, composed of volunteers from the Young Communist League, to work in the countryside. By August 1968 around 350,000 workers, soldiers, students, and peasants were deployed to work in agriculture.[7]

In April 1968 plans were implemented for CDRs to monitor parents and reward them for following official parenting protocols. During this time policies regarding youth began changing. Work programs and vocational schools for "maladjusted" students were created. Officials also warned that those embracing a hippie lifestyle could be rounded up and sent to jails or labor camps for their accused lazy behavior.[11]

Reactions

Many Cubans were overcome with a fierce passion to accomplish the planned economic goals, and government officials saw this as evidence that moral enthusiasm alone could incentivize workers into better production.[7]

With the elimination of many niche artisans the state often never filled the void of their services and their economic sectors often became under-served. With this unexpected economic downturn the Cuban government initiated new policies militarizing labor forces.[10] Some of the small merchants whose enterprises were nationalized would decide to leave Cuba in the airlift active at the time.[12] With the total erasure of small enterprises the black market was severely reduced, however barter transactions still continued in the rural countryside.[4]

Many Cuban students failed to embrace new government promoted consciousness. In a 1968 survey of people in the Centennial Youth Column, only 17 of the 35 students gave "revolutionary" reasoning for joining, others gave reasons such as avoiding conscription, or to leave home.

See also

References
  1. Henken, Ted; Vignoli, Gabriel (2015). "ENTERPRISING CUBA: CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT, STATE ABANDONMENT, OR U.S. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY?" (PDF). american.edu. Center for Latin American and Latino Studies. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  2. Prevost, Grey (2007). "Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution". Headwaters. 24 (1): 25–26. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
  3. Cuba's Forgotten Decade How the 1970s Shaped the Revolution. Lexington Books. 2018. pp. 72–73.
  4. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (1972). Revolutionary Change in Cuba. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 37–39.
  5. Henken, Ted (2008). Cuba A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 139.
  6. Mesa-Lago, Carmelo (1972). "Ideological, Political, and Economic Factors in the Cuban Controversy on Material Versus Moral Incentives". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 14 (1): 71. doi:10.2307/174981. JSTOR 174981.
  7. Cuban Communism 9th Edition. Transaction Publishers. 1998. pp. 62–65. ISBN 9781412820882.
  8. Guerra, Lillian (2012). Visions of Power in Cuba Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959-1971. University of North Carolina Press. p. 13.
  9. Hamilton, Carrie (2012). Sexual Revolutions in Cuba Passion, Politics, and Memory. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 41–42.
  10. Henken, Ted; Celaya, Miriam; Castellanos, Dimas (2013). Cuba. ABC-CLIO. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781610690126.
  11. Bunck, Julie Marie (2010). Fidel Castro and the Quest for a Revolutionary Culture in Cuba. PEnnsylvania State University Press. pp. 44–47.
  12. Pedraza, Silvia (1998). "Cuba's Revolution and Exodus". The Journal of the International Institute. 5 (2). Retrieved August 19, 2020.
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