Religious symbolism in U.S. sports team names and mascots

The following is a list of American sports team names and mascots that are based upon or use religious symbolism. Because of the prevalence of Christian groups and institutions throughout the history of the United States, many of these symbols can be assumed to have come from Christian sources. However, teams deriving their image from symbols belonging to other systems of religious and pseudo-religious beliefs have also been included.

Mascots as visual representation

Sports clubs and teams select their image or mascot based on any number of factors, including choosing an image based on a desire to pick a symbol that will attempt to convey the assets the clubs and teams aim to display, such as strength, courage, aggression, and endurance. Scholars have drawn connections between desires such as these and the religious totems found in polytheism, where visual representations of animals serve as symbols to express the physical and spiritual qualities of community.[1][2] Adoration of a mascot by a school or company can be seen as religiously significant. However, economic factors also come into play, as both schools and sports-franchise owners want to make money. Just as an appealing, marketable symbol can generate vast revenue, so can profits suffer if a potentially offensive symbol alienates some potential fans. This consideration as well can explain why sectarian religious symbols rarely appear in sports-team names and mascots.

Most of the teams listed here belong to schools and not to professional franchises. The reasons for this are subject to debate. In schools administrators, teachers, and parents act as a community to give students education in local values, and in many places these values come from religious institutions like churches and synagogues. So schools often become de facto representatives of a community's religious ideals as well as visual representatives of that community at a state, national, and international level. These conditions combine to make school sports a place for religious symbols, after they get filtered through the secular values both of the nation at large and of sport itself. This filtering produces mixed-value mascots like "Demon Deacons" of Wake Forest University and the "Hustlin' Quakers" (formerly "Fightin' Quakers", subsequently simply "Quakers") of Earlham College.

Despite the sensitive nature of religious issues in the United States of America, religious imagery in American sport has generated little controversy. Subtle spins on generic symbols like the crusader have come under attack for their insensitivity to non-Christian groups, but by and large religiously inspired team names and mascots have not been scrutinized. This contrasts with team names and mascots from Native American cultural sources.

Catholic symbolism

There seems to be a clustering of religiously inspired mascots and team symbols in the American Midwest. This area's population is predominantly Protestant or Calvinist and the culture of the Midwest tends to be conservative. This may be a reason for the preponderance of religion symbolism in even non-religious schools and institutions, but does not explain in any way why this symbolism would be Catholic in nature.

The institutions listed below—some of which are Catholic—endorse religious symbolism either by the team name or individual mascots. Some are negative, menacing symbols such as the various Demons and Devils, but a majority of them take on positive connotations within Catholicism. These include the Saints, Angels and Friars.

Catholic

Public

Primary, middle, and secondary schools

Non-affiliated sports teams and franchises

Drum corps
  • The Saints drum corp, sponsored by Our Lady of Peace Church in Fords, N.J. Their original hats had a cross in the center of the medallion, and the Saints logo is the intersection of a halo and a cross. They disbanded in 1987.[5]
  • The Knights Drum and Bugle Corp in Kewanee, Illinois (discontinued in 1998).[6]
  • Black Knights Drum Corps of Burbank, California (discontinued in 2001).[7]
  • Rochester Crusaders Drum Corp of Rochester, New York.[8]
  • Boston Crusaders Drum & Bugle Corps, founded in 1932, is the second-oldest junior drum and bugle corps in the nation and a founding member of Drum Corps International.[9]
  • California Crusaders Drum Corp in Carson, California (discontinued in 1979)
  • Conquistadors Drum Corp from Southern San Francisco, CA
  • Emerald Knights Drum Corp of Cedar Rapids, Iowa

The University of the Incarnate Word decided in 2007 that it would perhaps be seen to be more open to students, instructors and parents of different faiths. The school decided that the name was "inappropriate for a Catholic institution with a multicultural mission."[10]

Corlis McGee, president of Eastern Nazarene College, said, "There's a growing awareness that the connotation of the word has changed, and the Crusader no longer represents the positive message of Christian love we want to share with the world." Other universities have decided to keep the mascot as a way to honor their histories and constantly remind students to "communicate our desire to bring the good news and cross into every situation we encountered."[11]

Schools who have done away with the "Crusaders" mascot include Point Loma Nazarene University (now the Sea Lion), Eastern Nazarene College (now the Lions), Northwest Nazarene University (now the Nighthawks),[12] Northwest Christian University (now the Beacons), Susquehanna University,[13] The University of the Incarnate Word (the new mascot, the Cardinals, was chosen by students), Clarke University (now the Pride), and Wheaton College.

Other schools have retained the name "Crusaders" as their team name and mascot, including College of the Holy Cross,[14] Valparaiso University,[15] North Greenville University,[16] and Evangel University,.[17]

Protestant symbolism

Included here are team names and mascots associated with Protestantism. As the list suggests the visual vocabulary of non-Catholic Christianity, particularly in American sport, does not differ significantly from Catholic Christianity. What distinguishes this section has less to do with symbols themselves and more with context. Six of these schools are affiliated with the NCAA and one is affiliated with the NAIA.

The majority of these schools are located in Southeastern coastal states like North Carolina or South Carolina. In this part of the country religiously affiliated colleges and universities have existed since colonial times, when the majority of European Americans living in North American colonies were Protestant Christians. The religiously inspired team names and mascots are a part of this legacy, and associations between school spirit and local religious belief are therefore more historically acceptable in this part of the country.

In spite of this legacy, the teams at most Protestant affiliated colleges and schools do not identify with religious symbols. There are nearly 1,000 Protestant colleges and universities in the U.S. alone. But out of all of these, only 14 identify with religious names or mascots. That's less than 2%.

This makes sense, because not all of these names and mascots were inspired by religion. The origin of the famous Duke Blue Devil mascot for instance can be traced back to the World War I era. Units of French soldiers called "les Diables Beus" marshalled won fame in America. They inspired the Duke student body to make the Blue Devil the school's official mascot in 1911. The name was much more unpopular with the Methodism than with anyone else.[18]

The inspiration for a name or mascot also comes from relationships and in particular, rivalries with other schools. Until 1937 Wake Forest's men's athletics teams were known as "the Deacons," "the Baptists," or "Old Gold and Black." But after hiring a new coach and having way more success the school was looking for a way to show its prowess. They beat Duke in a game of football and the president praised them for "fighting like demons" to clinch the win, so the name stuck.[19] So the process of inventing an image for a sports team comes from relationships. Clubs and teams can make their images visual reminders of a meaningful moment in school nhisotry. Again, the suggested correlation between sports team mascots and the totems comes into play as some Native American tribes mixed images of vanquished enemies with their own to assimilate their powers.

Powerful images of demons, devils and knights remind us of the mascots of Catholic teams, but Protestant teams also draw on symbols from their own beliefs, generally involving religious leadership and including Deacons, Preachers, Evangels, Quakers and Fightin Christians.

There are few professional teams that use religious symbolism in their mascots. This is probably driven by their desire to appeal to much larger and diverse fan bases than colleges and schools. Examples of this, where the name has no religious significance, include the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, whose name is simply alliterative and the New Orleans Saints, whose name is derived a well-known jazz song.

Colleges and universities

Primary, middle, and secondary schools
  • Christian Academy of Louisville Centurions (KY). Most likely inspired by Cornelius the Centurion, traditionally held to be the first Gentile convert to Christianity.
  • Christian Life Academy Crusaders (Baton Rouge)
  • Episcopal School Knights (Baton Rouge)
  • Lincoln Christian School Crusaders (GA)
  • Southside Christian School Sabres (SC)
  • Christ Church Episcopal School Cavaliers (SC)
  • Shannon Forest Christian School Crusaders (SC)
  • Franklin Central School Purple Devils (NY)
  • Wellington High School Crusaders (KS)
  • New Philadelphia High School Quakers (OH)

Other religions

Generic and/or ambiguous

Most teams with mascots such as "Devils" or "Wizards" have little to no affiliation with any religious groups. They may choose their mascots for the purpose of intimidating their opponents. Mascots are usually depicted as mischievous or even cute and have no spiritual representation. Devils are one of the most common mascots throughout American sports. This can likely be attributed to Christian beliefs being the most common of religions in the U.S. The devil is normally used as a fierce, intimidating image to represent teams.

Colleges and universities
  • Arizona State University Sun Devils, mascot Sparky the Sun Devil
  • Dickinson College Red Devils
  • Duke Blue Devils
  • Eureka College Red Devils
  • Farleigh Dickinson University (Metropolitan Campus) Knights
  • Farleigh Dickinson College at Florham Devils
  • Furman University Paladians (SC)
  • Northwestern State University of Louisiana Demons, mascot Vic the Demon
  • Old Dominion University Monarchs
  • Rutgers University at New Brunswick Scarlet Knights
  • UCF Knights
  • United States Military Academy Black Knights

Primary, middle, and secondary schools
  • A.C. New Knights
  • Batavia (NY) Blue Devils
  • Brockport (NY) Blue Devils
  • Buhler (KS) Crusaders
  • Decatur Community (Oberlin, KS) Red Devils
  • Española Valley High School Sundevils
  • Perkins-Tryon (Perkins, OK) Demons
  • Plattsmouth Community School Blue Devils
  • Rancocas Valley Regional High School (NJ) Red Devils
  • Sedan (KS) Blue Devils
  • South Platte Public School Blue Knights
  • Victor (NY) Blue Devils
  • Washington Community Schools (Washington, IA) Demons
  • Wayne Community School Blue Devils
  • Wellington (KS) Crusaders
  • Wynot Public School Blue Devils

Non-affiliated sports teams and franchises

See also

References
  2. Delaney, Tim; Madigan, Tim (2009). The Sociology of Sports: An Introduction. McFarland. p. 211. ISBN 9780786453153. Retrieved 2014-10-28. The manner in which fans defend their right to hold on to and embrace their cherished symbols of the team reflects a type of totemism. [...] Team logos and mascots take on this totem quality for devout fans. It seems odd that people in the 21st century embrace totems, or symbols, with the same level of enthusiasm as primitive, pagan worshippers. However, sports often bring out the primitive inner being of people - including a passionate devotion to a belief or symbol.
  3. Shellnutt, Kate (2010-02-04). "Rooting for religion: The Saints and other teams with spiritual mascots - Believe It or Not". Blogs.chron.com. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  4. "The Official Site of Minor League Baseball | MiLB.com Homepage". Web.minorleaguebaseball.com. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  5. "Drum Corps International - News - Drum Corps International :: Marching Music's Major Leagueż". Dci.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  7. "Black Knights Drum Corps & Winter Guard". Blackknights.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  8. "低用量ピルの種類と効果". Rochestercrusaders.org. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  9. "Boston Crusaders Drum & Bugle Corps | Boston, Massachusetts". Bostoncrusaders.com. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  11. Eskridge, Larry (2000-06-12). "Higher Education: Eagles, Crusaders, and Trolls—Oh My!". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  12. Northwest Nazarene University, "NNU is excited to announce new university mascot". nnu.edu. 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
  13. "Board of Trustees votes to replace Crusader nickname : Newsradio 1070 WKOK". wkok.info. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
  14. "The Official Site of the Holy Cross Crusaders". GoHolyCross.com. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  15. "Official Athletic Site of the Valparaiso University Crusaders". ValpoAthletics.com. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  16. "Home | Official Athletic Site of the North Greenville University Crusaders". Ngcrusaders.com. 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  17. "Evangel University". Evangelathletics.com. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  18. "Why a Blue Devil? | David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library". Library.duke.edu. 1922-10-04. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  19. "Department of History". Wfu.edu. 2017-02-17. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  20. "Albany Devils – The Albany Devils". Thealbanydevils.com. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
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