Rajaz (prosody)

Rajaz (رَجَز, literally 'tremor, spasm, convulsion as may occur in the behind of a camel when it wants to rise'[1]) is a metre used in classical Arabic poetry. A poem composed in this metre is an urjūza. The metre accounts for about 3% of surviving ancient and classical Arabic verse.[2]

This form has a basic foot pattern of | x x u – | (where '–' represents a long syllable, 'u' a short syllable, and 'x' a syllable that can be long or short).[3] Lines are most often of three feet (trimeter), but can also be of two feet (dimeter). Both forms also have a catalectic version with the final foot | x – – |.[4] Thus the possible forms are:

| x x u – | x x u – | x x u – | (trimeter)

| x x u – | x x u – | x – – | ( trimeter catalectic)

| x x u – | x x u – | (dimeter)

| x x u – | x – – | (dimeter catalectic)

The traditional rajaz foot is | – – u – |, | u – u – |, or | – u u – |, as exemplified through the mnemonic (Tafā'īl) Mustafʿilun Mustafʿilun Mustafʿilun (مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ مُسْتَفْعِلُنْ). Exceptionally both anceps syllables are short.

Uniquely among the classical Arabic metres, rajaz lines do not divide into hemistichs.[5] The early Arab poets[6] rhymed every line on one sound throughout a poem.[7] A popular alternative to rajaz poetry was the muzdawij couplet rhyme— giving the genre called muzdawija.[8]

Although widely held the oldest of the Arabic metres,[9] rajaz was not highly regarded in the pre- and early Islamic periods, being seen as similar to (and at times indistinguishable from) the rhymed prose form saj'. It tended to be used for low-status, everyday genres such as lullabies, or for improvisation, for example improvised incitements to battle.

Rajaz gained in popularity towards the end of the Umayyad period, with poets al-‘Ajjāj (d. c. 91/710), Ru‘ba (d. 145/762) and Abū al-Najm al-‘Ijlī (d. before 125/743) all composing long qaṣīda-style pieces in the metre. Abū Nuwās was also particularly fond of the form.[10]

In the twentieth century, in response to the aesthetics of free verse, rajaz, both in traditional form and more innovative adaptations, gained a new popularity in Arabic poetry, with key exponents in the first half of the century including poets ‘Ali Maḥmūd Ṭāhā, Elias Abu Shabaki, and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab (Cf. his 'Unshūdat al-Maṭar').[11] Since the 1950s free-verse compositions are often based on rajaz feet.[12]

Example

A famous, early example is the following incitement to battle by Hind bint Utbah (6th/7th century CE), showing the form | x x u – | u – u – |, with the first two elements mostly long, and the fifth one always short:[13]

نَحْنُ بَنَاتُ طَارِقِ، نَمْشِي عَلَى النَّمَارِقِ، الدُرُّ فِي المَخَانِقِ، وَالمِسْكُ فِي المَفَارِقِ، إنْ تُقْبِلُوا نُعَانِقِ، أوْ تُدْبِرُوا نُفَـارِقِ، فِرَاقَ غَيْرَ وَامِقِ.

naḥnu banātu ṭāriqī namshī ‘alā n-namāriqī wad-durru fi l-makhāniqī wal-misku fi l-mafāriqī ’in tuqbilū nu‘āniqī ’aw tudbirū nufāriqī firāqa ghayra wāmiqī

We are those Ṭāriq girls We walk on carpets fair Our necks are hung with pearls And musk is on our hair If you advance we'll hug you Or if you flee we'll shun you And we'll no longer love you

| – u u – | u – u – | | – – u – | u – u – | | – – u – | u – u – | | – – u – | u – u – | | – – u – | u – u – | | – – u – | u – u – | | u – u – | u – u – |

Key studies

• Five Raǧaz Collections: (al-Aghlab al-ʻIǧlī, Bashīr ibn an-Nikth, Ǧandal ibn al-Muthannā, Ḥumayd al-Arqaṭ, Ghaylān ibn Ḥurayth), ed. by Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Studia Orientalia, 76/Materials for the study of Raǧaz poetry, 2 (Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society, 1995), ISBN 9519380264
• Minor Raǧaz Collections: (Khiṭām al-Muǧashiʻī, the two Dukayns, al-Qulākh ibn Ḥazn, Abū Muḥammad al-Faqʻasī, Manẓūr ibn Marthad, Himyān ibn Quḥāfa), ed. by Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila, Studia Orientalia, 78/Materials for the study of Raǧaz poetry, 3 (Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society, 1996), ISBN 9519380280
• Manfred Ullmann, Untersuchungen zue Raǧazpoesie. Ein Beitrag zur arabischen Sprach- und Literaturewissenschaft (Wiesbaden, 1966)
• D. Frolov, 'The Place of Rajaz in the History of Arabic Verse', Journal of Arabic Literature, 28 (1997), 242-90, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4183399

References

1. The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature, ed. by Robert Irwin (London: Penguin, 1999).
2. Bruno Paoli, 'Generative Linguistics and Arabic Metrics', in Towards a Typology of Poetic Forms: From Language to Metrics and Beyond, ed. by Jean-Louis Aroui, Andy Arleo, Language Faculty and Beyond: Internl and External Variation in Linguistics, 2 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2009), pp. 193-208 (p. 203).
3. Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. 93.
4. Wright, William (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, vol. 2, p. 362.
5. Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. xxiii.
6. Wright, William (1896), A Grammar of the Arabic Language, vol. 2, p. 362.
7. Geert Jan van Gelder, 'Arabic Didactic Verse', in Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-Modern Europe and the Near East, ed. by Jan Willem Drijvers and Alasdair A. MacDonald, Brill's Studies in Intellectual History, 61 (Leiden: Brill, 1995), pp. 103-18 (p. 107).
8. Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, ed. by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1998), s.v. 'Prosody (‘arūḍ)'.
9. Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. 93.
10. W. Stoetzer, 'Rajaz', in Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, ed. by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1998), II 645-46 (p. 646).
11. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Trends and Movements in Modern Arabic Poetry, trans. by Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Christopher Tingley, 2 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1977), II 607-10.
12. W. Stoetzer, 'Rajaz', in Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature, ed. by Julie Scott Meisami, Paul Starkey, 2 vols (London: Routledge, 1998), II 645-46 (p. 646).
13. Classical Arabic Literature: A Library of Arabic Literature Anthology, trans. by Geert Jan van Gelder (New York: New York University Press, 2013), p. 94.