Raisin

A raisin is a dried grape. Raisins are produced in many regions of the world and may be eaten raw or used in cooking, baking, and brewing. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Australia, the word raisin is reserved for the dark-colored dried large grape,[1] with sultana being a golden-colored dried grape, and currant being a dried small Black Corinth seedless[2] grape.[3]

The natural sugars in grapes crystallize during drying.

Raisins (aka Sultanas)

California seedless grape raisins on the left and California Zante currants on the right, along with a metric ruler for scale.

Etymology

The word "raisin" dates back to Middle English and is a loanword from Old French; in modern French, raisin means "grape", while a dried grape is a raisin sec, or "dry grape". The Old French word, in turn, developed from the Latin word racemus, "a bunch of grapes".[4]

Varieties

A variety of raisins from different grapes

Raisin varieties depend on the type of grape used and are made in a variety of sizes and colors including green, black, brown, blue, purple, and yellow. Seedless varieties include the sultana (the common American type is known as Thompson Seedless in the United States), the Greek currants (black corinthian raisins, Vitis vinifera L. var. Apyrena)[2] and Flame grapes. Raisins are traditionally sun-dried, but may also be water-dipped and artificially dehydrated.

"Golden raisins" are generally dried in dehydrators with controlled temperature and humidity, which allows them to retain a lighter color and more moisture. They are often treated with sulfur dioxide after drying.

Black Corinth or Zante currant are miniature, sometimes seedless[2] raisins that are much darker and have a tart, tangy flavor. They are often called currants. Muscat raisins are large compared to other varieties, and also sweeter.

Several varieties of raisins produced in Asia are available in the West only at ethnic grocers. Monukka grapes are used for some of these.[5]

Nutrition

Raisins, seedless

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	1,252 kJ (299 kcal)
Carbohydrates	79.18 g
Sugars	59.19 g
Dietary fiber	3.7 g
Fat	0.46 g
Protein	3.07 g
Vitamins	Quantity %DV^†
Thiamine (B1)	9% 0.106 mg
Riboflavin (B2)	10% 0.125 mg
Niacin (B3)	5% 0.766 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)	2% 0.095 mg
Vitamin B6	13% 0.174 mg
Folate (B9)	1% 5 μg
Choline	2% 11.1 mg
Vitamin C	3% 2.3 mg
Vitamin E	1% 0.12 mg
Vitamin K	3% 3.5 μg
Minerals	Quantity %DV^†
Calcium	5% 50 mg
Iron	14% 1.88 mg
Magnesium	9% 32 mg
Manganese	14% 0.299 mg
Phosphorus	14% 101 mg
Potassium	16% 749 mg
Sodium	1% 11 mg
Zinc	2% 0.22 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Fluoride	233.9 µg
Link to USDA Database entry
Units μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units
^†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA FoodData Central

Raisins can contain up to 72% sugars by weight,[6] most of which is fructose and glucose. They also contain about 3% protein and 3.7%–6.8% dietary fiber.[7] Raisins, like prunes and apricots, are also high in certain antioxidants, but have a lower vitamin C content than fresh grapes. Raisins are low in sodium and contain no cholesterol.[8]

Data presented at the American College of Cardiology's 61st Annual Scientific Session in 2012 suggest that, among individuals with mild increases in blood pressure, the routine consumption of raisins (three times a day) may significantly lower blood pressure, compared to eating other common snacks.[9]

Toxicity in pets

Raisins can cause kidney failure in dogs. The cause of this is not known.[10]

Sugars

Raisins are sweet due to their high concentration of sugars (about 30% fructose and 28% glucose by weight). The sugars can crystallise inside the fruit when stored after a long period, making the dry raisins gritty, but that does not affect their usability. These sugar grains can be dissolved by blanching the fruit in hot water or other liquids.

Raisin production

Global production in 2016 was 1.2 million metric tons, with the US as the top producer contributing 24% of the global harvest.[11]

Raisins are produced commercially by drying harvested grape berries. For a grape berry to dry, water inside the grape must be removed completely from the interior of the cells onto the surface of the grape where the water droplets can evaporate.[12] However, this diffusion process is very difficult because the grape skin contains wax in its cuticle, which prevents the water from passing through.[12] In addition to this, the physical and chemical mechanisms located on the outer layers of the grape are adapted to prevent water loss.[13]

The three steps to commercial raisin production include pre-treatment, drying, and post-drying processes.[12]

Pre-treatment

Pre-treatment is a necessary step in raisin production to ensure the increased rate of water removal during the drying process.[12] A faster water removal rate decreases the rate of browning and helps to produce more desirable raisins.[12] The historical method of completing this process was developed in the Mediterranean and Asia Minor areas by using a dry emulsion cold dip made of potassium carbonate and ethyl esters of fatty acids.[13] This dip was shown to increase the rate of water loss by two- to three-fold.[13]

Recently, new methods have been developed such as exposing the grapes to oil emulsions or dilute alkaline solutions. These methods can encourage water transfer to the outer surface of grapes which helps to increase the efficiency of the drying process.[12]

Drying

Chunche, ventilated sheds for drying grapes into raisins in Xinjiang

The three types of drying methods are: sun drying, shade drying, and mechanical drying.[12] Sun drying is an inexpensive process; however, environmental contamination, insect infections, and microbial deterioration can occur and the resulting raisins are often of low quality. Additionally, sun drying is a very slow process and may not produce the most desirable raisins.[12]

Mechanical drying can be done in a safer and more controlled environment where rapid drying is guaranteed. One type of mechanical drying is to use microwave heating. Water molecules in the grapes absorb microwave energy resulting in rapid evaporation. Microwave heating often produces puffy raisins.[12]

Post-drying processes

Raisins offered for sale at a market in Taliparamba, India.

After the drying process is complete, raisins are sent to processing plants where they are cleaned with water to remove any foreign objects that may have become embedded during the drying process.[12] Stems and off-grade raisins are also removed. The washing process may cause rehydration, so another drying step is completed after washing to ensure that the added moisture has been removed.[12]

All steps in the production of raisins are very important in determining the quality of raisins. Sometimes, sulfur dioxide is applied to raisins after the pre treatment step and before drying to decrease the rate of browning caused by the reaction between polyphenol oxidase and phenolic compounds. Sulfur dioxide also helps to preserve flavor and prevent the loss of certain vitamins during the drying process.[13]

Nutrition and health

Raisins are rich in dietary fiber, carbohydrates with a low glycemic index, and minerals like copper and iron, with a low fat content. Raisins are often recommended as a snack for weight control because they help the control of glucose, the good functioning of the digestive system and the regulation of blood pressure.[14]

Replacing unhealthy snacks with raisins as a dietary habit has shown positive benefits in patients with type 2 diabetes, including reduced diastolic blood pressure and increased levels of plasma antioxidants.[15]

Corinthian raisins are a moderate glycemic index fruit that can be consumed in small amounts even by diabetic patients instead of sweets.[16]

Antioxidants in Greek raisins may reduce the risk for malignancies in the stomach and colon.[17]

Raisins have one of the highest concentrations of boron in dried food, containing between 2 and 3 mg per 100 grams. Boron may be important for maintaining healthy bone and joint quality. It has been shown to disadvantage testosterone synthesis.[18] According to a study published in "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry", golden raisins have a higher antioxidant capacity than sun-dried black raisins do.

See also

• Dried fruit
• Raisin cake
• Snap-dragon, a Victorian parlour game that involved raisins being plucked from a bowl of burning brandy.
• Sun-Maid, a popular brand of raisins available in North America and the United Kingdom.
• The California Raisins, a fictional music group of anthropomorphized raisins created by CalRAB to promote the food on TV
• The chocolate-covered raisin, a candy made by coating the dried fruit in chocolate.
• Oatmeal raisin cookie

References

1. Dom Costello. "Kew Gardens explanation". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
2. Chiou, Antonia; Panagopoulou, Eirini A.; Gatzali, Fotini; De Marchi, Stephania; Karathanos, Vaios T. (2014). "Anthocyanins content and antioxidant capacity of Corinthian currants (Vitis vinifera L., var. Apyrena)". Food Chemistry. 146: 157–65. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.062. PMID 24176327.
3. "currant". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Entry at "currant": "'raisins of Corauntz n.' (also called 'raisins of Corinth')".
4. Harper, Douglas. "raisin". Online Etymology Dictionary.
5. "Types of Raisins: Currants, Golden Seedless, and More". Berkeley Wellness. Remedy Health Media. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
6. Albert Julius Winkler. General viticulture, University of California Press, 1962, p. 645. ISBN 978-0-520-02591-2
7. "USDA NDB Raisins". USDA. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
8. "Nutrition Experts & Dietitians » California Raisins – The Wise Choice". California Raisin Advisory Board. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
9. Bays, Harold E.; Schmitz, Kathy; Christian, Amber; Ritchey, Michelle; Anderson, James (2012). "Raisins And Blood Pressure: A Randomized, Controlled Trial". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 59 (13): E1721. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(12)61722-7. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (26 March 2012).
10. DiBartola, Stephen P. (2012). Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders in small animal practice (4th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4377-0654-3.
11. "Nuts & Dried Fruits Global Statistical Review 2015 / 2016, p 66" (PDF). International Nut and Dried Fruit Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
12. Esmaiili, M.; Sotudeh-Gharebagh, R.; Cronin, K.; Mousavi, M. A. E.; Rezazadeh, G. (2007). "Grape Drying: A Review". Food Reviews International. 23 (3): 257. doi:10.1080/87559120701418335. S2CID 83652015.
13. Christensen, L.P., and Peacock, W.L. (20 April 2013) "The Raisin Drying Process" Archived 12 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Raisin Production Manual, University of California at Davis.
14. Kanellos, P. T.; Kaliora, A. C.; Gioxari, A.; Christopoulou, G. O.; Kalogeropoulos, N.; Karathanos, V. T. (2013). "Absorption and Bioavailability of Antioxidant Phytochemicals and Increase of Serum Oxidation Resistance in Healthy Subjects Following Supplementation with Raisins". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 68 (4): 411–5. doi:10.1007/s11130-013-0389-2. PMID 24114059. S2CID 207233871.
15. Kanellos, P.T.; Kaliora, A.C.; Tentolouris, N.K.; Argiana, V.; Perrea, D.; Kalogeropoulos, N.; Kountouri, A.M.; Karathanos, V.T. (2014). "A pilot, randomized controlled trial to examine the health outcomes of raisin consumption in patients with diabetes". Nutrition. 30 (3): 358–64. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.07.020. PMID 24262513.
16. Kanellos, Panagiotis T.; Kaliora, Andriana C.; Liaskos, Christos; Tentolouris, Nikolaos K.; Perrea, Despina; Karathanos, Vaios T. (2013). "A Study of Glycemic Response to Corinthian Raisins in Healthy Subjects and in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients". Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 68 (2): 145–8. doi:10.1007/s11130-013-0348-y. PMID 23564595. S2CID 35753795.
17. Kountouri, Aggeliki M.; Gioxari, Aristea; Karvela, Evangelia; Kaliora, Andriana C.; Karvelas, Michalis; Karathanos, Vaios T. (2013). "Chemopreventive properties of raisins originating from Greece in colon cancer cells". Food & Function. 4 (3): 366–72. doi:10.1039/c2fo30259d. PMID 23211994.
18. "Boron (EHC 204, 1998)". International Programme on Chemical Safety.

Further reading

• C. D. Wu; J. F. Rivero-Cruz; M. Zhu; B. Su; A. D. Kinghorn (2005). "Antimicrobial Phytochemicals in Thompson Seedless Raisins (Vitis vinifera L.) Inhibit Dental Plaque Bacteria". American Society for Microbiology meeting. 5–9 June. Atlanta.