Radula marginata

Radula marginata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Marchantiophyta
Class:	Jungermanniopsida
Order:	Porellales
Family:	Radulaceae
Genus:	Radula
Species:	R. marginata
Binomial name
	Radula marginata; Taylor

Radula marginata (Wairuakohu) is a species of plant in genus Radula,[1] a genus of liverworts. It is endemic to New Zealand.[2][3] It has been found to contain cannabinoids.[4][5]

Cannabinoids

Users smoking the plant have experienced different effects.[6] The cannabinoid is not THC, the main psychoactive chemical in cannabis, but it is of similar molecular structure.[4] The liverwort contains perrottetinene and perrottetinenic acid.[4] The quantity of cannabinoid present is much less than in cannabis. Perrottetinene has been shown to be a moderately potent CB₁ agonist leading to mild psychoactive effects in mice.[7]

Legal status

The liverwort grows as a common weed. Owning, growing and distributing the liverwort is legal.

Radula marginata may have been used in rongoā (Māori herbal medicine), but there is no firm evidence of this.

References

Hussain, Tajammul; Espley, Richard V.; Gertsch, Jürg; Whare, Tracey; Stehle, Felix; Kayser, Oliver (2019). "Demystifying the liverwort Radula marginata, a critical review on its taxonomy, genetics, cannabinoid phytochemistry and pharmacology". Phytochemistry Reviews. 18 (3): 953–965. doi:10.1007/s11101-019-09638-8. S2CID 199517648.
http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550163
http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550057
Toyota, M.; et al. (2002). "New bibenzyl cannabinoid from the New Zealand liverwort Radula marginata" (PDF). Chem Pharm Bull. 50 (10): 1390. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1390.
Hussain, Tajammul; Plunkett, Blue; Ejaz, Mahwish; Espley, Richard V.; Kayser, Oliver (2018). "Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 537. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00537. PMC 5954354. PMID 29868043.
http://www.tripme.co.nz/forums/showthread.php?t=1943
Chicca, A.; Schafroth, M. A.; Reynoso-Moreno, I.; Erni, R.; Petrucci, V.; Carreira, E. M.; Gertsch, J. (1 October 2018). "Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high". Science Advances. 4 (10): eaat2166. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.2166C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2166. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6200358. PMID 30397641.

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[1] Hussain, Tajammul; Espley, Richard V.; Gertsch, Jürg; Whare, Tracey; Stehle, Felix; Kayser, Oliver (2019). "Demystifying the liverwort Radula marginata, a critical review on its taxonomy, genetics, cannabinoid phytochemistry and pharmacology". Phytochemistry Reviews. 18 (3): 953–965. doi:10.1007/s11101-019-09638-8. S2CID 199517648.

[2] ttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550163

[3] ttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20l?id=GBIF2550057

[toyota-4] Toyota, M.; et al. (2002). "New bibenzyl cannabinoid from the New Zealand liverwort Radula marginata" (PDF). Chem Pharm Bull. 50 (10): 1390. doi:10.1248/cpb.50.1390.

[5] Hussain, Tajammul; Plunkett, Blue; Ejaz, Mahwish; Espley, Richard V.; Kayser, Oliver (2018). "Identification of Putative Precursor Genes for the Biosynthesis of Cannabinoid-Like Compound in Radula marginata". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 537. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00537. PMC 5954354. PMID 29868043.

[6] ttp://www.tripme.co.nz/forums/showthread.php?t=1943

[7] Chicca, A.; Schafroth, M. A.; Reynoso-Moreno, I.; Erni, R.; Petrucci, V.; Carreira, E. M.; Gertsch, J. (1 October 2018). "Uncovering the psychoactivity of a cannabinoid from liverworts associated with a legal high". Science Advances. 4 (10): eaat2166. Bibcode:2018SciA....4.2166C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aat2166. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6200358. PMID 30397641.