Qara Mahammad

Qara Mahammad
Qara Mahammad
Bey of Kara Koyunlu
Reign	1380 - 1389
Predecessor	Bayram Khwaja
Successor	Qara Yusuf
Died	April 1389
Dynasty	Kara Koyunlu
Father	Qara Dursun
Religion	Shia Islam

Qara Mahammad Töremish was a bey of Kara Koyunlu and father of Qara Yusuf.

Life

Mahammad was a nephew of Bayram Khwaja and one of his main supporters.[1] He served Jalayirid sultan Uways and suppressed Khwaja Marjan's rebellion (governor of Baghdad) for him, installing his uncle Murad as governor of Baghdad. However, their relations deteriorated soon after.

Uways captured Baghdad from Murad in 1364 and advanced to fight Bayram and Qara Mahammad's armies in Muş. Together they conquered Mosul, Erciş, Mayafariqin and Van. New Jalayirid sultan Hussain moved against Muhammad and attacked Erciş, his new base. Despite Bayram Khwaja's help, Kara Koyunlus suffered heavy casualties and were captured. Hussain too was deposed soon by Ahmad Jalayir, who invaded Tabriz with the assistance of Shirvanshah Hushang (although Minorsky noted a certain Hamza who was a son of Farrukh Yassar being his supporter, it's chronologically impossible).[2]

Ahmad's other brothers, Shaikh Ali and Pir Ali Barik, opposed him. Husain's former amir, Adil Aqa, had Bayazid proclaimed sultan in Soltaniyeh, while Shaikh Ali prepared to leave Baghdad and march on Tabriz. To secure his position, Ahmad requested the assistance of Qara Mahammad. Shaikh Ali fell in battle against the Qara Yusuf on September 1382. Pir Ali was also killed in 1383.

In 1383, Ahmad wed a Jalayirid princess to Qara Muhammad and himself married to a daughter of Qara Muhammad. Some time later, Ahmad ordered Mahammad to migrate to Baghdad with his horde, while Mahammad went to Azerbaijan, later campaigning in Georgia. Jalayirids used this opportunity to massacre Kara Koyunlus staying in Azerbaijan, which forced Qara Muhammad to fall back to Erciş.

He invaded Mardin in 1384 and received submission of its Artuqid ruler Mejdeddin Isa al-Zahir (1376-1407).

Qara Muhammad faced Timur's expeditions four times and successfully evaded them. A Timurid emir, Lala Khwaja, was killed in third expedition by Qara Yusuf.[2]

In 1389, he also aided Beylik of Erzincan against Ak Koyunlu and Eretna. However, he was killed in April 1389 by revolting emir Pir Hasan.

Family

Bayram (k. April 1389 by Pir Hasan)
Qara Yusuf
Khwaja Misr (imprisoned by Timur in Avnik, taken to Samarqand in 1394)[3]
- Mirza Ali beg
- Zeynal beg
- Qazan beg (stole treasury, first fled to Avnik,[4] then entered to Timurid service[5])

References

Tarikhi Turkmaniyya, fol. 24b (Ethe 573)
Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (1): 50–73. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00106342. ISSN 0041-977X.
Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara 1984, pp. 57 (in Turkish)
Fazil., Fărzălibăi̐li, Shaḣin (1995). Azărbai̐jan vă osmanly imperii̐asy. Baky: ADN. p. 14. ISBN 5552013980. OCLC 39091665.
Binbaş, İlker Evrim (2013). "The Anatomy of a Regicide Attempt: Shāhrukh, the Ḥurūfīs, and the Timurid Intellectuals in 830/1426–27". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 23 (3): 391–428. doi:10.1017/S1356186313000278. ISSN 1356-1863.

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[1] Tarikhi Turkmaniyya, fol. 24b (Ethe 573)

[Minorsky_1955-2] Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-Qoyunlu And The Qutb-Shahs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 17 (1): 50–73. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00106342. ISSN 0041-977X.

[3] Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara 1984, pp. 57 (in Turkish)

[4] Fazil., Fărzălibăi̐li, Shaḣin (1995). Azărbai̐jan vă osmanly imperii̐asy. Baky: ADN. p. 14. ISBN 5552013980. OCLC 39091665.

[5] Binbaş, İlker Evrim (2013). "The Anatomy of a Regicide Attempt: Shāhrukh, the Ḥurūfīs, and the Timurid Intellectuals in 830/1426–27". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 23 (3): 391–428. doi:10.1017/S1356186313000278. ISSN 1356-1863.