QBD (electronics)
QBD is the term applied to the charge-to-breakdown measurement of a semiconductor device. It is a standard destructive test method used to determine the quality of gate oxides in MOS devices. It is equal to the total accumulated charge passing through the dielectric layer just before failure. Thus QBD is a measure of time-dependent gate oxide breakdown. As a measure of oxide quality, QBD can also be a useful predictor of product reliability under specified electrical stress conditions.
Test method
Voltage is applied to the MOS structure to force a controlled current through the oxide, i.e. to inject a controlled amount of charge into the dielectric layer. By measuring the time after which the measured voltage drops towards zero (when electrical breakdown occurs) and integrating the injected current over time, the charge needed to break the gate oxide is determined.
This gate charge integral is defined as:
where is the measurement time at the step just prior to destructive avalanche breakdown.
Variants
There are five common variants of the QBD test method:
- Linear voltage ramp (V-ramp test procedure)
- Constant current stress (CCS)
- Exponential current ramp (ECR) or (J-ramp test procedure)[1]
- Bounded J-ramp (a variant of the J-ramp procedure, in which the current ramp stops at a defined stress level, and continues as a constant current stress).
- Linear current ramp (LCR)
For the V-ramp test procedure, the measured current is integrated to obtain QBD. The measured current is also used as a detection criterion for terminating the voltage ramp. One of the defined criteria is the change of logarithmic current slope between successive voltage steps.
Analysis
The cumulative distribution of measured QBD is commonly analysed using a Weibull chart.
Standards
JEDEC Standard
- JESD35-A – Procedure for the Wafer-Level Testing of Thin Dielectrics, April 2001