Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase

In enzymology, a pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase (EC 2.6.99.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate + 3-hydroxy-1-aminoacetone phosphate pyridoxine-5'-phosphate + phosphate + 2 H2O
Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase
Identifiers
EC number2.6.99.2
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum

The two substrates of this enzyme are 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) and 3-hydroxy-1-aminoacetone phosphate (HAP), whereas its 3 products are H2O, phosphate, and pyridoxine-5'-phosphate (a vitamer of pyridoxal phosphate).

Mechanism
Arrow-pushing mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by pdxJ.[1] Other mechanisms have been proposed[2] but differ only in the timing of phosphate removal.

In the first step of this condensation reaction, the amine group of HAP forms a Schiff base with the ketone group of DXP. The hydroxyl group on C4 of DXP is eliminated, forming an enol. The enol eliminates the phosphate derived from DXP, and water is added to the resulting double bond to reform the enol. This enol then attacks the HAP ketone group to close the ring and the resulting hydroxyl group is eliminated to form a double bond. A deprotonation causes the ring to aromatize, completing the synthesis of pyridoxine-5'-phosphate.

3-hydroxy-1-aminoacetone phosphate is unstable, so the reaction mechanism cannot be confirmed directly. Nonetheless, 14C and 18O isotopic labeling experiments,[3][4] as well as structural studies,[1][5] support the mechanism shown here. A glutamate residue, Glu72, is positioned ideally to perform most of the acid-base catalysis required in this mechanism, with histidine residues His45 and His193 appearing to play roles as well.

Structure

Pyridoxine-5'-phosphate synthase, or pdxJ, is a TIM barrel protein, although it exhibits some departures from this motif. Most significantly, the central tunnel of pdxJ is hydrophilic in contrast to the hydrophobic central tunnel observed in most TIM barrel proteins, and pdxJ has three extra alpha helices compared to the classical TIM fold.[6] These three extra helices are important for mediating inter-subunit contacts in the assembled octamer.[7] However, there are also important similarities in function: like many TIM barrel proteins, pdxJ binds its substrates primarily by their phosphate moieties,[1][5] and the phosphate-binding site responsible for binding to HAP and pyridoxine 5'-phosphate is a conserved motif found in many TIM barrel proteins.[8] The fact that pdxJ binds substrates through their phosphate groups explains a previously discovered specificity for the substrates over their respective non-phosphorylated alcohols.[3][9]

pdxJ exhibits several different conformations, depending on the substrates or substrate analogs bound. The first state, exhibited when pdxJ has either pyridoxine-5'-phosphate or no substrates bound, is classified as the "open" conformation. This conformation is characterized by an active site freely accessible by solvent. In contrast, when DXP and an HAP analog are bound, loop 4 of the protein folds over the active site, preventing the escape of reaction intermediates or undesirable side reactions.[1][5] Binding of phosphate alone is not capable of causing a transition between the open and closed states.[6] A third, "partially open" intermediate has also been reported upon binding of DXP alone.[10]

pdxJ assembles as an octamer under biological conditions.[6][11] This octamer can be thought of as a tetramer of dimers, and it is likely that the dimer is the active unit of the protein. In each dimer, an arginine residue Arg20 forms part of the active site in the other monomer, where it helps bind both phosphate groups.[5]

Classification

This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring nitrogenous groups transferring other nitrogenous groups.

Nomenclature

The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate:3-amino-2-oxopropyl phosphate 3-amino-2-oxopropyltransferase (phosphate-hydrolysing; cyclizing). Other names in common use include pyridoxine 5-phosphate phospho lyase, PNP synthase, and PdxJ.

Biological role

This enzyme participates in vitamin B6 metabolism. pdxJ plays a role in the DXP-dependent pathway of pyridoxal phosphate. The DXP-dependent pathway is found predominantly in γ-proteobacteria and some α-proteobacteria.[12] Because of this distribution, pdxJ has been identified as a potential drug target for antibiotics.[12] This identification seems to have validity, as other approaches have also identified pdxJ as a good target for drug development.[13] However, there may be limits to this approach as pdxJ is not found in obligate parasites.[12] pdxJ and more generally vitamin B6 metabolism in the microbiome have also been shown to alter the effects of certain compounds on animal hosts.[14]

References
  1. Garrido-Franco M, Laber B, Huber R, Clausen T (August 2002). "Enzyme-ligand complexes of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase: implications for substrate binding and catalysis". Journal of Molecular Biology. 321 (4): 601–12. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00695-2. PMID 12206776.
  2. Mukherjee T, Hanes J, Tews I, Ealick SE, Begley TP (November 2011). "Pyridoxal phosphate: biosynthesis and catabolism". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1814 (11): 1585–96. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.06.018. PMID 21767669.
  3. Cane DE, Du S, Robinson J (1999). "Biosynthesis of vitamin B6: Enzymatic conversion of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate to pyridoxol phosphate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (33): 7722–23. doi:10.1021/ja9914947.
  4. Cane DE, Du S, Spenser ID (2000). "Biosynthesis of vitamin B6: Origin of the oxygen atoms of pyridoxol phosphate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (17): 4213–14. doi:10.1021/ja000224h.
  5. Franco MG, Laber B, Huber R, Clausen T (March 2001). "Structural basis for the function of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase". Structure. 9 (3): 245–53. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(01)00584-6. PMID 11286891.
  6. Garrido-Franco M (April 2003). "Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate synthase: de novo synthesis of vitamin B6 and beyond". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1647 (1–2): 92–7. doi:10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00065-7. PMID 12686115.
  7. Fitzpatrick TB, Amrhein N, Kappes B, Macheroux P, Tews I, Raschle T (October 2007). "Two independent routes of de novo vitamin B6 biosynthesis: not that different after all". The Biochemical Journal. 407 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1042/bj20070765. PMC 2267407. PMID 17822383.
  8. Nagano N, Orengo CA, Thornton JM (August 2002). "One fold with many functions: the evolutionary relationships between TIM barrel families based on their sequences, structures and functions". Journal of Molecular Biology. 321 (5): 741–65. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00649-6. PMID 12206759.
  9. Laber B, Maurer W, Scharf S, Stepusin K, Schmidt FS (April 1999). "Vitamin B6 biosynthesis: formation of pyridoxine 5'-phosphate from 4-(phosphohydroxy)-L-threonine and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate by PdxA and PdxJ protein". FEBS Letters. 449 (1): 45–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00393-2. PMID 10225425. S2CID 33542088.
  10. Yeh JI, Du S, Pohl E, Cane DE (2002). "Multistate binding in pyridoxine 5′-phosphate synthase: 1.96 Å crystal structure in complex with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate". Biochemistry. 41 (39): 11649–57. doi:10.1021/bi026292t. PMID 12269807.
  11. Garrido-Franco M, Huber R, Schmidt FS, et al. (2000). "Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of PdxJ, the pyridoxine 50-phosphate synthesizing enzyme". Acta Crystallographica. 56 (8): 1045–48. doi:10.1107/S0907444900007368. PMID 10944349.
  12. Mittenhuber G (January 2001). "Phylogenetic analyses and comparative genomics of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and pyridoxal phosphate biosynthesis pathways". Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology. 3 (1): 1–20. PMID 11200221.
  13. Ahmad S, Raza S, et al. (2018). "From phylogeny to protein dynamics: A computational hierarchical quest for potent drug identification against an emerging enteropathogen "Yersinia enterocolitica"". Journal of Molecular Liquids. 265: 372–89. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.06.013.
  14. Scott TA, Quintaneiro LM, Norvaisas P, Lui PP, Wilson MP, Leung KY, et al. (April 2017). "Host-Microbe Co-metabolism Dictates Cancer Drug Efficacy in C. elegans". Cell. 169 (3): 442–456.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.040. PMC 5406385. PMID 28431245.
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