Public involvement (UK health initiative)

Public involvement, or PI, is the term for involving lay people (members of the general public) as volunteers in an organisation's high level work. In the health / care context, it is a worldwide initiative to give the public an effective, active role in health / care research. The term "health / care" (or "health and care") covers healthcare (medical care), public health, and social care. The purpose is to align research more closely with patients' and the public’s needs, skills and experience and thereby increase its success and cost-effectiveness.

PI is the proper term [1] for the involvement in research of anyone not professionally interested or experienced in health / care. (People with a professional background have plenty of chance to engage in such research.)

Still sometimes used is PPI, patients and public involvement. The bodies concerned, NIHR and INVOLVE (see below) have used PI rather than PPI since 2017, most notably in the UK Standards for Public Involvement cited above (2019 version, first published in 2017, last accessed 25 Jan 2020).

Origins and funding

Public involvement in UK health / care research is the last active remnant of the National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002 (Part 1, Section 5).[2] The Act set up a Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health with a remit to move towards lay people's involvement in all aspects of health / care. The Commission had no funding, however, and closed in 2008. The Commission was replaced with a structure of 151 'Local involvement networks'; these had good funding and much the same aims - but were themselves abolished in 2013, as noted in the wiki article just linked.

The UK's major funder of health / care research is the state-funded National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) - the research arm of the National Health Service. There are corresponding but subordinate organisations in Northern Ireland,[3] Wales[4] and Scotland[5] (all last accessed 15 May 2020).

NIHR claims to “[involve] patients and the public in all our work”.[6] In the context of PI, however, until 2019, as important was an offshoot of NIHR called 'INVOLVE', set up in 1996 and still being absorbed piecemeal into NIHR in late 2020. One of the aims of this advisory body was “to support active public involvement in NHS, public health and social care research”.[7] NIHR seem to be planning to take up INVOLVE's ten or twelve main publications; the part of NIHR concerned is the Centre for Engagement and Dissemination (CED), but as yet this does not have a website or webpage. See the INVOLVE home page (last accessed November 2020).

A number of key British medical bodies, such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)[8] and Medical Research Council,[9] have adopted formal policies for public involvement.

The mention of the UK's National Health Service has led to uncertainty whether or not there need be public involvement other than in state-funded health / care research. However, by 2020, a number of privately funded studies had started to have PI, some co-funded with NIHR and some with a charity. By 2017 most charities involved in UK health / care research had active public involvement staff and committees, with hundreds or even thousands of PI volunteers. For instance, Parkinson's UK says "Everything we do [in research] is driven by people affected by Parkinson's."[10] The larger charities in particular have increasing interest in public involvement with commercial research. By 2019 too, NIHR had started to research working with the private sector on health / care research, with Public Involvement. By the end of 2020, they'd set up the first five ″NIHR-funded research facilities to be 100% dedicated to delivering late-phase commercial research″ [11] (accessed 10 Nov 2020). It's not yet clear why these have the name patient recruitment centres, nor how firmly they'll expect commercial researchers to have public involvement.

Even so, as yet (2020) there is meaningful (and, therefore, effective) public involvement in only a small proportion of health / care research. That's mainly because, however much good will there may be, PI is still very new and uncoordinated, and any organisation wanting to take it on properly needs a large number of volunteers, as implied above.

Other relevant public sector health / care research organisations in the UK are:

  • The regulatory Health Research Authority (HRA), whose home page[12] says "we involve patients and the public in [our] work to improve health research design, delivery and regulation."
  • The Medical Research Council (MRC), which has an Ethics regulation and public involvement committee.[13]

Also, despite NIHR’s example, there are many different models of public involvement in health / care research. Increasingly, public involvement in research is expected and even demanded by those funding it. However, as yet (2020), not all funders even ask researchers applying for support to say what PI they've had and how much they plan. Effective PI is anticipated at all stages, from initial twinkles in researchers' eyes to the final dissemination of outcomes.[14]

The 'patient' in PI

The word “patient” appears explicitly in PPI, and remains implicit in PI. This is because it is known that involving people in research about a specific health condition or care situation who have (or have had) direct first-hand experience will demonstrably improve that research.[15] Therefore, “patients” has come to mean: patients and ex-patients, as well as their carers, ex-carers and relatives; all are members of the public.

The 'public' in PI

As well as "patients" as above, public here is those lay people who do not necessarily have any direct stake in the research itself, but may have a particular interest in the outcomes of that research or who volunteer in the health and/or care research sectors. Professionals such as doctors, nurses, care-home staff and medical researchers have plenty of opportunity to be involved in research so are explicitly excluded from public involvement in this context.[16] However, such professionals who also have lived experience of a given condition may be able to offer valuable public involvement. INVOLVE planned to publish guidance on this thorny problem in 2020, though it started working on it in 2016....

The charity Parkinson’s UK has a national Involvement Steering Group and a number of regional ones. One of the members’ roles is to “look for opportunities to raise the profile of Parkinson’s UK as leaders in involvement”.[17]

Levels of involvement
The involvement triangle

Members of the public can have a role in health / care research in three broad levels. (This classification[18] follows the eight-rung ladder of citizen participation.[19])

  • Participation - the most common level, where research happens one-way on or to people (eg as patients or controls). Participation in research appears as the broad base of the triangle shown. This is because most people with a role in health / care research are participants.
  • Engagement - where researchers communicate and describe their work to the public. This can happen in many ways. For instance, if research is not yet complete, a research team may describe their thinking, progress and interim findings. If research is complete, the team may report to a public audience or disseminate findings by press release. Even plays have been put on to explain serious medical issues to lay audiences.[20]
  • Involvement - where members of the public have an active role and close contact with the research team. INVOLVE says “public involvement in research [is] research being carried out ‘with’ or ‘by’ members of the public rather than ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them.”[21]

There may be hundreds of volunteers in an involvement group or network, with several central full-time staff and / or volunteers working to make them an effective team. For instance, the Alzheimer's Society Research Network (founded over twenty years ago, in 1999) has several hundred volunteer members and two staff facilitators; the website[22] lists some fifteen roles for the PI members. The Society spends over £10 million a year on funding research; the Network costs perhaps a quarter of a million pounds a year. There is, however, some commercial sponsorship, for instance from a care home group and a pharma firm for the annual conference.

Reporting

Despite the increased demand for public involvement in health / care research, concerns have been expressed at the variable quality of feedback coming from that involvement. In 2017 new guidance was provided in an attempt to address this issue.[23][24] At around the same time, NIHR published the first draft of the PI standards mentioned at the start of this article.

One of the six standards concerns getting to know the impact of public involvement: "To drive improvement, we capture and share the difference that public involvement makes to research." (That is from the 2018 version; the final, 2019, version is somewhat less clear: "Seek improvement by identifying and sharing the difference that public involvement makes to research.") Ref 20 above has much to say about this - impact is coming to be an important aspect of PI reporting.

Impact relates to PI effectiveness (quality) of course. Indeed, it can lead to cost-effectiveness, important as PI can cost as much as 10% of some research budgets. Knowledge of PI impact has several levels -

  • recognising that PI makes a positive difference in specific ways;
  • assessing the difference caused by PI (mainly qualitatively, but in some cases semi-quantitatively);
  • measuring the difference so we can indeed get a grip on the effectiveness of PI in a given context.

Of course, it's not possible actually to "measure" PI impact, ie the difference it makes. This is because it is not possible to compare a study with PI with exactly the same study without. PI impact "capture" covers just levels 1 and 2 above, therefore; however, it is still important.

An overview of the subject of PI impact came from UK's Alzheimer's Society at the start of 2018.[25]

Involvement in the research cycle

Apart from cost, there are few reasons why all stages of health / care research should not involve the public. NIHR’s PPI Framework 2015-2018 states: “We ensure that processes are in place to involve the public in all stages of the research we fund and manage … guaranteeing the involvement of patients, carers and members of the public at all points in the research process.”[26] In any event, effective PI can lead to more effective research and that should save money, much by cutting waste. (This includes the huge cost of failed research and studies not completed.)

Broadly speaking, research – of any kind, not just for health or care – is problem-solving. Once a problem is precisely defined, solving it uses the problem-solving cycle. The research cycle shown is the same as that. (Scientific method has much more detail.)

Research = problem-solving

Needs analysis (or problem analysis) is that first stage of defining precisely the problem to be researched: the research question. The next stage – which can take months – is to define precisely the apparently best and most appropriate solution: the research method. Only after this can the research team apply for funding.

Implementation is the main part of the cycle – carrying out the research and analysing the results. This may take a couple of years.

When that is over, the research team should evaluate the outcomes. This means checking with care that they have solved the problem, ie answered the research question asked. There can be many reasons for failing at this stage. In scientific research (science) and inventing (technology), the people concerned go round and round the cycle until they succeed. In other words, they return to needs analysis to tweak the research question, then to solution analysis to tweak the research method, and so on. One of the problems with much of health / care research is that the study runs out of funded time so evaluation can be hasty, and re-cycling is left out. The team leaves the cycle top left and goes on to the stages of reporting and disseminating. Or not, if the study failed to meet its objectives (or even came up with the "wrong" answers). There are many causes of research failure....

Main types of PI activity

One of the benefits of public involvement is to help the research team understand lay people's needs and perspectives and ensure that research is relevant and acceptable to them.[27] This can reduce the chance of failure and make the research more effective and more cost-effective.

A recent study of Parkinson's UK public involvement[28] made those points clearly.

References
  1. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1U-IJNJCfFepaAOruEhzz1TdLvAcHTt2Q/view/
  2. "National Health Service Reform and Health Care Professions Act 2002". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  3. http://www.nicrn.hscni.net/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. https://www.healthandcareresearch.gov.wales/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. https://www.nhsresearchscotland.org.uk/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. "NIHR - National Institute for Health Research". www.nihr.ac.uk.
  7. "INVOLVE Supporting public involvement in NHS, public health and social care research". UK National Institute for Health Research.
  8. "Patient and public involvement policy". NICE. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  9. "Patient and public involvement". Medical Research Council. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  10. "Research". Parkinson's UK. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  11. https://www.nihr.ac.uk/prcs
  12. "Homepage". Health Research Authority.
  13. "Ethics, Regulation & Public Involvement Committee (ERPIC)". Medical Research Council (MRC). 18 July 2016.
  14. "Patient and Public Involvement". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  15. Brett J, Staniszewska S, Mockford C, Herron-Marx S, Hughes J, Tysall C, Suleman R (October 2014). "Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review". Health Expectations. 17 (5): 637–50. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00795.x. PMC 5060910. PMID 22809132.
  16. "Lay (lay person) – INVOLVE". www.invo.org.uk.
  17. "Parkinson's UK - Your Network". www.parkinsons.org.uk.
  18. "Briefing note two: What is public involvement in research? – INVOLVE". www.invo.org.uk.
  19. Arnstein SR (July 1969). "A ladder of citizen participation" (PDF). Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 35 (4): 216–24. doi:10.1080/01944366908977225. hdl:11250/2444598.
  20. Rawling J (8 December 2017). "Surgical mistakes explored on stage". Imperial College London. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  21. "Briefing note two: What is public involvement in research? – INVOLVE". www.invo.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  22. "The Research Network". Alzheimer's Society. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  23. Staniszewska S, Brett J, Simera I, Seers K, Mockford C, Goodlad S, et al. (2017). "GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research". Research Involvement and Engagement. 3 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s40900-017-0062-2. PMC 5611595. PMID 29062538.
  24. "New guidance for reporting patient and public involvement in research". On Medicine. 2017-08-02. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  25. Morgan N, Grinbergs-Saull A, Murray M (2018). "The impact of the Alzheimer's Society Research Network" (PDF). U.K. Alzheimer’s Society.
  26. "NETScc'S PPI Framework and Activity Plan 2015-18" (PDF). Evaluation, Trials and Studies coordinating centre. U.K. National Institute for Health Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2017.
  27. Brett J, Staniszewska S, Mockford C, Herron-Marx S, Hughes J, Tysall C, Suleman R (October 2014). "Mapping the impact of patient and public involvement on health and social care research: a systematic review". Health Expectations. 17 (5): 637–50. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00795.x. PMC 5060910. PMID 22809132.
  28. Staley K, Abbey-Vital I, Nolan C (2017). "The impact of involvement on researchers: a learning experience". Research Involvement and Engagement. 3: 20. doi:10.1186/s40900-017-0071-1. PMC 5611580. PMID 29062545.

Further reading
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