Propidium monoazide

Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive DNA-binding dye that preferentially binds to dsDNA. It is used to detect viable microorganisms by qPCR.[1] Visible light (high power halogen lamps or specific LED devices[2]) induces a photoreaction of the chemical that will lead to a covalent bond with PMA and the dsDNA. The mechanism of DNA modification by PMA can be seen in this protocol.[3] This process renders the DNA insoluble and results in its loss during subsequent genomic DNA extraction.[4] Theoretically, dead microorganisms lose their capability to maintain their membranes intact, which leaves the "naked" DNA in the cytosol ready to react with PMA. DNA of living organisms are not exposed to the PMA, as they have an intact cell membrane. After treatment with the chemical, only the DNA from living bacteria is usable in qPCR, allowing to obtain only the amplified DNA of living organisms. This is helpful in determining which pathogens are active in specific samples.[5] The main use of PMA is in Viability PCR but the same principle can be applied in flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy.

Propidium monoazide
Names
IUPAC name
3-Amino-8-azido-5-{3-[diethyl(methyl)ammonio]propyl}-6-phenylphenanthridinium
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
Properties
C27H32N62+
Molar mass 440.582 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

However, the ability of PMA in differentiating viable and non-viable cells varies for different bacteria. An example is that the permeability of PMA to gram-positive and gram-negative cell membranes is different. Therefore, the application of PMA to mixed communities is still limited.

PMA was developed at Biotium, Inc.[6] as an improvement on ethidium monoazide (EMA). PMA provides better discrimination between live and dead bacteria because it is excluded from live cells more efficiently than EMA.[7]

References
  1. Qiagen, BLU-V Viability. "PMA Kit". Qiagen Website. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  2. GenIUL, Photo activation system for tubes. "PhAST Blue". GenIUL Website. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  3. "PMA protocol" (PDF).
  4. Nocker, Andreas; Cheung, Ching-Ying; Camper, Anne K. (November 2006). "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for differentiation of live vs. dead bacteria by selective removal of DNA from dead cells". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 67 (2): 310–320. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2006.04.015. PMID 16753236.
  5. Nocker, Andreas; Ching-Ying Cheung, and Anne K. Camper (2006). "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for differentiation of live vs. dead bacteria by selective removal of DNA from dead cells". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 67 (2): 310–320. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2006.04.015. PMID 16753236.
  6. "PMA dye | Propidium Monoazide | Biotium, Inc". Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  7. Nocker, Andreas; Cheung, Ching-Ying; Camper, Anne K. (2006-11-01). "Comparison of propidium monoazide with ethidium monoazide for differentiation of live vs. dead bacteria by selective removal of DNA from dead cells". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 67 (2): 310–320. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2006.04.015. PMID 16753236.
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