Principality of Kastrioti
Principality of Kastrioti (Albanian: Principata e Kastriotit) (1389–1444) was one of the most important Principalities in Medieval Albania. It was created by Pal Kastrioti which he ruled it until 1407 and after his death the Principality of Kastrioti was ruled by his son, Gjon Kastrioti until his death in 1437 and then ruled by the national hero of Albania, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg.
Principality of Kastrioti Principata e Kastriotit | |||||||||
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| 1389–1444 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
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 Principality of Kastrioti in the 15th century | |||||||||
| Status | Principality | ||||||||
| Capital | Krujë (after November 1443) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Albanian | ||||||||
| Religion | Eastern Orthodox (1389–1437) Roman Catholicism (1443–1444) | ||||||||
| Government | Principality | ||||||||
| Prince | |||||||||
• 1383–1407 | Pal Kastrioti | ||||||||
• 1407–1437 | Gjon Kastrioti | ||||||||
• 1443-1468 | Gjergj Kastrioti | ||||||||
| Historical era | Medieval | ||||||||
• Established | 1389 | ||||||||
• Fall under Ottoman Empire | 1437 | ||||||||
• Regained control | 1443 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1444 | ||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||
Formation
Gjon Kastrioti had originally only two small villages. In short time John Kastrioti managed to expand its lands so as to become the undisputed lord of Central Albania. He married Voisava Tripalda who bore five daughters - Mara, later wife of Stefan Crnojević of Montenegro; Jela, then wife of Gjin Muzaka; Angjelina, later wife of Vladan Arianit Comnenus Thopia; Vlajka, later wife of Stefan Maramonte Balsha; Mamica, later wife of Karol Musacchio Thopia - and four sons:Reposh, Stanisha (Stanislaus), Kostandin and Gjergj Kastrioti. Gjon Kastrioti was among those who opposed[1] the early incursion of Ottoman Bayezid I, however his resistance was ineffectual. The Sultan, having accepted his submissions, obliged him to pay tribute and to ensure the fidelity of local rulers, Gjergj Kastrioti and his three brothers were taken by the Sultan to his court as hostages. After his conversion to Islam,[2] the young Gjergj Kastrioti attended military school in Edirne and led many battles for the Ottoman Empire to victory. For his military victories, he received the title Arnavutlu İskender Bey, (Albanian: Skënderbe shqiptari, English: Lord Alexander, the Albanian) comparing Kastrioti's military brilliance to that of Alexander the Great.
Restoration of Gjergj Kastrioti
He was distinguished as one of the best officers in several Ottoman campaigns both in Asia Minor and in Europe, and the Sultan appointed him General. He even fought against Greeks, Serbs and Hungarians, and some sources say that he used to maintain secret links with Ragusa, Venice, Ladislaus V of Hungary, and Alfonso I of Naples.[3] Sultan Murat II gave him the title Vali which made him General Governor. On November 28, 1443, Skanderbeg saw his opportunity to rebel after a battle against the Hungarians led by John Hunyadi in Niš as part of the Crusade of Varna. He switched sides along with 300 other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army. After a long trek to Albania he eventually captured Krujë by forging a letter[1] from the Sultan to the Governor of Krujë, which granted him control of the territory. After capturing the castle, Skanderbeg[4] abjured Islam and proclaimed himself the avenger of his family and country. He raised a flag showing a double-headed eagle, an ancient symbol used by various cultures of Balkans (especially the Byzantine Empire), which later became the Albanian flag. The Governor was killed as he was returning to Edirne, unaware of Skanderbeg's intentions... Skanderbeg allied with George Arianite[5] (born Gjergj Arianit Komneni) and married his daughter Donika (born Marina Donika Arianiti).[6]
League of Lezhë
Following the capture of Krujë, Skanderbeg managed to bring together all the Albanian princes in the town of Lezhë[7] (see League of Lezhë, 1444). Gibbon[4] reports that the "Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to live and die with their hereditary prince" and that "in the assembly of the states of Epirus, Skanderbeg was elected general of the Turkish war and each of the allies engaged to furnish his respective proportion of men and money". With this support, Skanderbeg built fortresses and organized a mobile defense force that forced the Ottomans to disperse their troops, leaving them vulnerable to the hit-and-run tactics of the Albanians.[8] He managed to create the League of Lezhë, a federation of all Albanian Principalities.The main members of the league were the Arianiti, Balsha, Dukagjini, Muzaka, Spani, Thopia and Crnojevići. For 25 years, from 1443–1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000 man army marched through Ottoman territory winning against consistently larger and better supplied Ottoman forces.[9] Threatened by Ottoman advances in their homeland, Hungary, and later Naples and Venice – their former enemies – provided the financial backbone and support for Skanderbeg's army.[10] By 1450 it had certainly ceased to function as originally intended, and only the core of the alliance under Scanderbeg and Araniti Comino continued to fight on.[11]
The Albanian League first distinguished itself under Skanderbeg at the Battle of Torvioll where he defeated the Ottoman forces. Skanderbeg's victory was praised throughout the rest of Europe.[12] The battle of Torvioll thus opened up the quarter-century war between Skanderbeg's Albania and the Ottoman Empire.[13]
On 14 May 1450, an Ottoman army, larger than any previous force encountered by Skanderbeg or his men, stormed and overwhelmed the castle of the city of Kruja, capital of the Principality of Kastrioti. This city was particularly symbolic to Skanderbeg because he had been appointed suba of Kruja in 1438 by the Ottomans. The fighting lasted four months and over one thousand Albanians lost their lives while over 20,000 Ottomans died in battle. Even so, the Ottoman forces were unable to capture the city and had no choice but to retreat before winter set in. In June 1446, Mehmed II, known as "the conqueror", led an army of 150,000 soldiers back to Kruja but failed to capture the castle. Skanderbeg's death in 1468 did not end the struggle for independence, and fighting continued until 1481, under Lekë Dukagjini, when the Albanian lands were forced to succumb to the Ottoman armies.
References
"History of Albanian People" Albanian Academy of Science. ISBN 99927-1-623-1
- James Emerson Tennent, 1845, The History of Modern Greece, from Its Conquest by the Romans B.C.146, to the Present Time
- Rendina, Claudio (2000). La grande enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton. p. 1136. ISBN 88-8289-316-2.
- Noli, Fan S.: George Castrioti Scanderbeg, New York, 1947
- Edward Gibbon, 1788, History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 6, Scanderbeg section
- Fine, John V. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Titolo pagina
- Minna Skafte Jensen, 2006, A Heroic Tale: Marin Barleti's Scanderbeg between orality and literacy Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Stavrianos, L.S. (2000). The Balkans Since 1453. ISBN 1-85065-551-0.
- Housley, Norman. The later Crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-19-822136-4.
- Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994-01-01). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.
- Elsie, Dr. Robert. "2008 | Oliver Jens Schmitt: Scanderbeg: an Uprising and its Leader". www.albanianhistory.net. Archived from the original on 2016-03-13. Retrieved 2016-03-26.
- Noli, Fan Stylian (2009-12-01). George Castroiti Scanderbeg. General Books LLC. p. 22. ISBN 9781150745485.
- Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra (1405-1468) (in Albanian). Botimet Toena. 2002-01-01. p. 141. ISBN 9789992716274.