Point 5353

Point 5353 (also called Point 17561, and Marpo La Peak[1]) is a mountain peak on the Line of Control dividing the Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions of Kashmir in the vicinity of Dras in the Kargil district.[2][3][4] It is the highest peak along the Marpo La ridge and dominates the entire area on both the sides of the Line of Control.[5][6][7][8][9] Today, Point 5353 remains in Pakistani military possession.[10]

Point 5353
Point 5353
Point 5353
Point 5353 (Ladakh)
Highest point
Elevation5,353 m (17,562 ft)
Coordinates34.52567°N 75.69866°E / 34.52567; 75.69866 
Geography
LocationLine of Control, Kashmir
CountriesPakistan and India
StatesGilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh
RegionsSkardu District and Kargil district
Parent rangeHimalayas

The peak became a subject of controversy after the Kargil War. Soon after the war had ended The Hindu correspondent Praveen Swami and an Indian opposition party leader, Ram Kumar Anand claimed that the peak was inside the Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC) and it was captured by the Pakistan Army during the Kargil War. They also claimed that the Indian troops had unsuccessfully tried to recapture Point 5353 on 18 May 1999. The report also added that Indian troops captured Point 5310 on the Pakistani side of LoC in retaliation in April 2000.

Geography
Line of Control near Drass

The Marpo La pass is one of very few passes in the high Himalayas of Ladakh that allows north–south communication.[lower-alpha 1] The 1949 Cease-Fire Line between India and Pakistan as well as the 1972 Line of Control pass through the Marpo La pass. The ridge adjoining the pass to the east, which is also referred to as the 'Marpo La ridge', runs in a northwest-southeast axis and contains a number of tall peaks. The point 5353, so named because of its height in metres, is the tallest peak on the Marpo La ridge. Its older name is Point 17561, representing its height in feet.[2][11][12]

The Line of Control in this area is flanked by the Shingo River valley of Pakistani-administered Kashmir in the north and the Dras River valley of Indian-administered Kashmir in the south. Both these valleys represent major lines of east–west communication in the respective regions of Kashmir. The Shingo and Dras rivers join together further east near Kakshar. To the south of the Line of Control is India's Kargil district and to the north is Pakistan's Skardu district.

According to the Indian Army sources, the Point 5353 itself is on the Line of Control. However, after the end of the Kargil War, a controversy erupted in India as to which side of the Line of Control the peak lay.[12]

Point 5070, 3 km west of Point 5353 is the closest peak to the Marpo La pass.[13] The second tallest peak on the Marpo La ridge, Point 5240, is 1.2 km southeast of the Point 5353. It is on the Indian side of the Line of Control. Both points 5070 and 5240 are currently held by India.[12][14][lower-alpha 2]

The Sando nullah (stream) starts just below the Marpo La pass and flows southeast, joining the Drass River. A track running alongside the Sando Nullah is the key communication link between the town of Dras and the Marpo La pass.[16]

Strategic significance

The Point 5353 is at an aeral distance of 12 km from Dras, through which passes the strategic National Highway 1 of India linking Srinagar to Leh. In 1999, Pakistani forces occupied all the peaks in the vicinity and directed artillery fire at the highway, which led to Indian retaliation and the Kargil War. The Indian Army fought to regain control of Tiger Hill and Tololing peaks, which posed a more direct threat to the highway. Point 5240 and 5353 were not cleared during the war. Their status was settled during the negotiations after the end of hostilities.[12][14]

The Indian Army admits that Point 5353 offers a view of the National Highway. However, it say that the peak is not comparable in strategic importance to Tololing and Tiger Hill.[12] But commentators state other views. The Point 5353 dominates the eastern shoulder of the Marpo La pass and the Sando nullah approach to the pass. Since it is the tallest peak in the area, it is said to be a "dominating feature". Former Lt. Col. Kuldip Singh Ludra states, "it dominates, by observation and fire, the complete area on both side of the Line of Control."[5][6][7][8][9][17]

Line of Control

The 1972 Line of Control is part of the Simla Agreement between India and Pakistan, whereby the two countries agreed to respect the line without prejudice to their respective positions in the Kashmir dispute. The line was delineated by six army officers each of India and Pakistan and signed on 11 December 1972. Its territorial precision is remarkable, according to scholar Brian Cloughley. Along with the agreement, a series of maps indicating the boundary were also prepared and exchanged by the two sides.[18][19]

The Indian government states that Point 5353 is on the Line of Control as delineated on maps in 1972 after the Simla Agreement.[4]

Retired Brigadier Surinder Singh, who commanded the 121 Infantry Brigade and was sacked for alleged poor performance, claimed that the peak was 300 meters inside Indian territory.[20][21] Praveen Swami, based on Army's one-inch maps, estimated that it was one kilometre inside the Indian territory.[22] A couple of other Indian newspapers agreed that it was in Indian territory.[23][24]

Controversy after the Kargil War

Soon after the Kargil War was over, some Indian media reported that Point 5353, a strategically important peak in the Dras sector, was still under Pakistan's control. After this, the Indian Army said that the media reports were an "inspired" campaign to malign their image. They said that the peak was never in Indian possession.[25][26]

The Hindu Business Line report

On 11 August 2000, The Hindu Business Line published a report titled Pakistan still occupies key Drass point, authored by noted journalist and security specialist Praveen Swami. It stated that the Point 5353 was "inside the Indian side of the Line of Control" and the Pakistani troops "held the mountain through the Kargil war and continue to do so today." According to Swami, "Artillery observers on peak 5,353 metres can direct accurate artillery fire on to up to 20 km of the National Highway 1A, and cripple Indian defensive positions from Mushkoh to Bhimbet."[14]

Swami narrated that, during the war, the Indian commander Amar Aul of the 56 Mountain Brigade was given the objective of securing point 5353, but he was unable to do so within the time frame available. Instead, he occupied two peaks on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control, point 4875 and point 4251 before the ceasefire came into force. In the negotiations carried out between the Brigadier Aul and a Pakistani interlocutor called Colonel Saqlian in August 1999, both sides committed themselves to leave the points 5353, 5240, 4251 and 4875 unoccupied.[14]

In October 1999, according to the report, Brigadier Aul decided to take control of the point 5240 as well as 5353. 16 Grenadiers successfully took control of 5240. However, 1-3 Gurkha Rifles, tasked with taking control of 5353, were unable to do so. Pakistani troops, detecting Indian activity at 5240, retaliated at point 5353 and by November 1999, established themselves at the peak. Subsequently, they put up concrete bunkers on the peak and constructed a road linking the base of the peak to Benazir Post. Swami believed that the Indian Army then attempted to force a territorial swap by taking positions on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control. But, despite some fierce fighting, these attempts did not succeed. Swami concluded by noting that "the end of the conflict is...not quite yet in sight."[14]

Swami also claimed in his report that besides Points 4875 and 4251, the Indian troops also captured Point 5310 in retaliation, situated one kilometre inside the Pakistani side of the LoC.[14]

The then Indian Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) Nirmal Chander Vij responded with a press release giving "elaborate notes and maps" and asserting that "in accordance with the Simla Agreement the LoC passes through Point 5353. This point was never under our control either before or after Operation Vijay in Kargil."[15][27]

However, Praveen Swami stood by his report, stating that The Hindu had in its possession copies of the army maps as well as orders issued to the commanders to capture Point 5353.[28][29]

The Times of India quoted Indian Army officers saying that the Line of Control in the area follows an "imaginary line" connecting high points such as Points 5070, 5353, 5245 and 5608. It was said that the Indian forces control the highest one, Point 5608, whereas the Pakistanis control Point 5353, because that is what the terrain allows. They believed that the tactical advantage to Pakistan from controlling the point 5353 is minimal.[25] On 28 August 2000, The Hindu reported that the Indian troops captured Point 5070 in the vicinity to neutralise the Pakistani edge in the area.[30]

Ram Kumar Anand's allegations

At a press conference on 30 August 2000, an opposition party leader, Ram Kumar Anand, alleged that besides Point 5353, which, he said was 300 to 500 metres inside the Indian territory, Pakistan was still in occupation of five other peaks in Kargil on the Indian side along the LoC. He supplied reporters with several documents to challenge the Indian Army's claim that Point 5353 was never in Indian possession. He claimed that India stationed army personnel on Point 5353 in 1992–93, who then cut off the supply routes of the Pakistani positions along the Line of Control. He reported that the Indian Army then said, the Point 5353 is "within our LoC and that we have every right to patrol the area."[31] He also claimed that an Indian Army platoon, led by Major Navneet Mehta had tried to recapture the peak on 18 May 1999 but the attempt had failed. He demanded that "a fact-finding team of five Parliamentarians should be constituted to go to the LoC to verify the facts."[31] Pakistan, the very next day, on 31 August, denied the allegations.[32] BBC News quoted Pakistan's Foreign Ministry's spokesman as saying that "Pakistan respected the Line of Control (LoC) with India" and its troops had not violated the ceasefire line. The BBC news report noted that Anand's claim "followed a report in an Indian newspaper that a strategic peak, Point 5353, was under Pakistani occupation."[32] In response to Anand's allegations, Indian defence ministry on 1 September 2000 issued a press release that stated: "It is clarified that Point 5353 is on the line of control and not inside the territory under India's control" and "the controversy being raked up on this issue is based on distorted facts as borne out from maps of delineation between India and Pakistan in 1972." It further stated that "the ground situation is well-known to the government and India’s posture along the LoC is militarily sound with an edge over the other side", adding that "the latest controversy appears to be motivated and is harmful to India's security interest."[33][34]

Ashok Mehta said that in the encounter with RK Anand, the Indian Army was "forced to reveal certain information, which in national interest should have remained under wraps", adding that "Pakistan was prompt to report that it had not violated the Line of Control in Kargil."[35]

General Ved Prakash Malik, Indian Army Chief of Staff during the Kargil war, in his book Kargil: From Surprise to Victory provides the rebuttal to Anand's allegations:

In August 2000, an opposition party leader held a press conference and, without ascertaining facts from the Army, claimed that Pakistan was continuing to occupy six peaks on our side of the LoC in Kargil. The Army was once again brought into this political crossfire. It was alleged that the Army had not disclosed the true facts. There were several critical reports in the media the next day. Despite denials by Army Headquarters, and even by the Pakistani military spokesman, the controversy continued. A rather vicious report was published in the Statesman, New Delhi, in the first week of September 1999. When factual details were conveyed to the then editor-in-chief, C.R. Irani (who passed away on 23 July 2005), a journalist known for his courage and convictions, he promptly wrote an editorial entitled 'Sorry Chief! We Apologize for the Publication Yesterday'. In this column, he not only apologized but also condemned political leaders tending to denigrate the Army by making unverified statements.[21]

Operation Parakram

The Point 5353 controversy erupted once again during "Operation Parakram" (India's Code name for its military mobilization along the India–Pakistan border) which began on 13 December 2001, in response to the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament.[15] By this time the area north and east of Zojila Pass, including Leh, came under the newly raised XIV Corps.[15]

In August 2002, The Hindu correspondent Praveen Swami reported that Pakistani troops had occupied Point 5070 in the early summer of 2002,[36] and in July, "after eight weeks of steady skirmishes, India reoccupied Point 5070 in the Dras sector." He further said: "Point 5070, named for its altitude in metres, dominates the strategically vital Mushkoh nullah in the Dras sub-sector." [37]

The Telegraph of 27 August 2002, reported that "In a map shown to The Telegraph today at the army headquarters, Point 5353 is depicted on the Line of Control, at an aerial distance of about 12 km from Dras", and a battalion of the Pakistan Army's Baloch Regiment was in possession of the peak, which it said was flanked on either side (east and west) by a battalion each of Northern Light Infantry and Punjab Regiment, supported by the Pakistani brigade headquarters at Gultari. It further reported that "A spur of the hill feature is connected to Pakistan's Benazir Post. Point 5353 is on the Marpo La ridgeline that runs on or parallel to the Line of Control. Other spurs of the peak run south into the Dras sector. To its immediate south is Tiger Hill and the Mushkoh Valley. In 1999, Pakistani intruders occupying the heights in this sector were directing artillery fire on Dras and National Highway 1A and were alleged to have planned to secure routes for infiltration into the Valley." The newspaper quoted army officers as saying that, "There are heights from which we have a view of the PoK side and there are heights from where they have a view of our side. Besides, air observation posts (artillery observers on aircraft) can also mount a watch to direct fire. The view from Point 5353 does not seriously threaten our supply lines." It also quoted the then Indian Defence Minister, George Fernandes, as saying in 1999 that "5353 is the point over which the Line of Control goes. The fact is our troops never occupied it. The normal practice has been that where the line goes over a peak, nobody occupies it." Nonetheless, it noted that "even if Fernandes is taken at his word, the continued occupation of Point 5353 by the Baluch battalion means that Pakistan has departed from “normal practice”."[12]

Ashok Mehta, in his article in The Tribune, said, "Parakram had opened a window of opportunity in the Kargil sector for the new 14 Corps to complete the Army's unfinished agenda for the Kargil war: seize Point 5353. While throughout April and May 2002, Point 5353 was pulverised with metal from Bofors guns, sometimes 10,000 rounds a day, Concourse missiles, cargo ammunition and air defence guns in direct fire, by May-end, Point 5070, a pivotal feature about 10 km west of Point 5353, was quietly seized in a brilliant stealth operation. The post was named Balwan after the Jat regiment that took it. Balwan had turned the flank of Pakistani defences in the Dras sector. The Indian Army now had a grand view and domination of the Gultari valley through which Pakistani posts are maintained in Dras."[15]

The surprise loss of Point 5070 drew furious reaction from Pakistan Army, who used to occupy this peak during summer. The Pakistani troops launched several counter-attacks, in which the Indians suffered heavy casualties, but failed to retake Point 5070. Consequently, an enraged General Pervez Musharraf removed entire Pakistani chain of command, including the Pakistani Brigade Commander and GOC of the Northern Areas for losing this peak. Subsequently, a new Commander of the Northern Areas was appointed.[15][38]

On 10 June 2002, an Indian Army patrol managed to make their way to Point 5353, where they found several wounded Pakistani soldiers crying for help. Afterwards, the date of the attack on Point 5353 was fixed for 17 June. The then Indian Army's northern area commander, Lieutenant general R.K. Nanavaty went to New Delhi with the final plan and for the green signal. Richard Armitage, then American Deputy Secretary of State had arrived in Delhi a few days earlier, where he had revealed General Musharraf's pledge, in his words: "To end cross-border terrorism permanently, visibly, irreversibly and to the satisfaction of India."[15][39] Hence, George Fernandes, then India's defence minister denied permission to General Nanavaty to attack Point 5353 and thus the attack was called off.[15]

Other views

After the war ended, the Indian and Pakistani local military commanders agreed to a plan to vacate Points 5353, 5240 and 5165 through which passed the Line of Control.[15][40] According to Ashok K. Mehta, a retired Major general in the Indian Army and a columnist on defence and security affairs, "None of these was ever with the Indian Army. Nor were these at the time in Pakistani possession."[15] In late October 1999, units of 8 Mountain Division of the Indian Army captured Point 5240. They subsequently captured Point 5165 as well apparently to forestall their capture by Pakistanis.[15] According to Ashok Mehta, "Taking Points 5240 and 5165 was not difficult, keeping them was tough. The mystery was over not taking Point 5353. It appears the unit asked to do so said it was impossible to get there. But Pakistan had breached the local commanders' agreement and turned Point 5353 into a rope-maintained permanent post."[15]

In his book Kargil: Turning the Tide Lieutenant general Mohinder Puri, PVSM, UYSM, who was the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the 8 Mountain Division during the Kargil War[41][42] states,

A lot of controversy was generated on the status of Pt 5353 after the war. This feature lies on the Pakistan side and to capture it, the attacking troops have to approach from the north entailing crossing the LC. Since the LC was not to be crossed and the feature being on Pakistan side, we had no plans to secure it. The enemy occupied Pt 5353 as an observation post. In turn, we were in occupation of a feature on the LC. The Pakistani CO established radio contact with CO 16 GREN and requested vacation from this feature. We asked him to reciprocate and vacate Pt 5353 to which he agreed. However, he reoccupied Pt 5353 on 2 August and in retaliation besides occupying the feature vacated by us, 16 GREN was directed to occupy Pt 5245 which was southeast of Pt 5353. With this event the war ended in the Mushkoh–Drass sector.[40]

General Malik, in an interview to Rediff.com on July 27, 2001, when asked about to "clarify the controversy about Point 5353, which has reportedly been taken over by Pakistan?", said: "That is not true. The 1972 letter clearly shows, both on the map and in writing, that the LoC passes through 5353. Some of the Point's features are occupied by them and some by us. But the fact is that if you want to attack Point 5353, you would have to come via the Pakistani side. It is not with us. We had never occupied it. Point 5353 had been vacated by them for a while when the talks were going on. Then they reoccupied it, that's all. I don't know how this controversy started. But I saw the hand-sketched map in which somebody had put 5353 right next to Tiger Hill. That is wrong!"[43]

Praveen Swami wrote on 10 March 2004:

When Operation Parakram began a little over three years ago, both the Indian Army and the Pakistan Army began trading ferocious artillery fire up and down the LoC. In the high mountains, sudden winds and unpredictable atmospheric conditions ensure that shells rarely land where gunners intend them to. But, with a direct line of observation available to them, the Pakistani forces on Point 5353 should have been able to pass on corrections that would have enabled their artillery to obliterate Sando Top. If, that is, the Pakistani troops on Point 5353 had been given the chance. Indian soldiers on three posts, namely Point 5165, Point 5240 and Point 5100, guided their superior 155-millimetre Bofors howitzers with devastating accuracy. Pakistani troops on Point 5353 were first hit with smoke-filled mortar shells, to flush them out of their bunkers, and then with air-burst artillery, which showered down shards of metal at great speed. Well over 40 Pakistanis are believed to have died on Point 5353. Pakistan could not reinforce the troops since the Indian soldiers on Point 5165 and Point 5240 were in a position to hit their supply lines.[44]

See also

Notes
  1. Rammohun, Countering Insurgencies in India (2011, p. 190): "The Himalayan range extending beyond the Kaobal Gali is steep and virtually impassable except for two passes across which these are old trails, one at Marpo La and the other at Chor Bat La."
  2. Gen. Ashok K. Mehta states that point 5240 is on the Line of Control.[15]

References
  1. Singh, A Ridge Too Far 2001, p. 87
  2. Ganguly, Sumit (2016), Deadly Impasse, Cambridge University Press, p. 137, ISBN 978-0-521-76361-5: Description of the Cease-Fire Line: "... thence to MARPO LA (to be shared by both sides), thence through Point 17561, thence through Point 17352, thence through Point 18400, thence through Point 16760, thence to (inclusive to India) DALUNANG."
  3. Ludra, The Kargil Strike 2000, p. 359: "In fact the Line of Control runs from Marpo La Pass which is not inclusive to either side, along the ridge line to Point 5353."
  4. Point 5353 controversy rears its head again, The Tribune, 28 August 2002: A single page denial issued by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) said, “as far as Point 5353 is concerned, it is a Point on the Line of Control (LoC) as delineated after Simla Agreement. This has been authenticated on a map by Lt. Gen P.S. Bhagat of India and Lt. Gen Abdul Hamid Khan of Pakistan on a map on December 11, 1972”.
  5. Ludra, The Kargil Strike 2000, p. 359: Point 5353 dominates the Eastern Shoulder of the Pass, and since it is the highest point in that area it could be called the dominating feature. It dominates, by observation and fire, the complete area on both side of the Line of Control.
  6. Point 5353 controversy rears its head again, The Tribune, 28 August 2002: The denial prompted by the media reports ... conveniently overlooked the factor that the most dominating feature on the Indo-Pak border in the Kargil region - Point 5353 - is under the Pakistani army control.
  7. Gen Ashok K. Mehta, Point 5353 still in Pakistan’s possession, The Tribune (Chandigarh), 13 June 2004: Point 5353 is the summit of pinnacles on the watershed in the Dras sector. ... Its colossal domination of the Dras Bowl and Sandow valley was achieved by the Pakistan Army, cleverly using the two south-facing ridge lines emanating from it and paralysing the movement in Dras.
  8. Puri, Lt Gen Mohinder (2015), Kargil: Turning the Tide, Lancer Publishers LLC, ISBN 978-1-940988-23-8: The entire Drass Sector including Mushkoh is dominated by a series of heights along the Marpola Ridge which emanates from Faranshat village in POK. Point 5353, a prominent height on this ridge overlooks both the Mushkoh-Drass Valleys and NH 1D, and dominates the approach to POK.
  9. Chandar, Col Y Udaya (2018), Independent India's All the Seven Wars, Notion Press, p. 536, ISBN 978-1-948473-22-4: Pt 5353 is the highest peak in this area (16500 feet). It is the most dominating feature in Dras Valley, and is on a confluence of number of spurs and overlooks the long stretch of Srinagar-Leh highway.
  10. "Why Point 5353 in Kargil Continues to be occupied by Pakistan". The Print.
  11. Malik, Kargil-From Surprise to Victory 2010, Chapter 3.
  12. Dutta, Sujan (28 August 2002). "Kargil leftover in Pakistan hands". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  13. B. L. Kak, Pakistan Troops Pose Threat To Dras-Kargil Highway, Daily Excelsior, 29 August 2000.
  14. Swami, Praveen (11 August 2000). "Pakistan still occupies key Drass point". The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  15. Mehta, Ashok K. (13 July 2004). "Point 5353 still in Pakistan's possession India's Kargil agenda is incomplete". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  16. Amarinder Singh, A Ridge Too Far 2001, p. 39.
  17. Sandeep Dikshit, Army fails to clear controversy over Point 5353, The Hindu, 28 August 2002: "The importance of this feature arises from the fact that it overlooks Marpo La, a key pass on the LoC which India dominates, and also supplements the Pakistani observation of National Highway 1A, lifeline of Siachen and Leh."
  18. Cloughley, Brian (2016), A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections, Carrel Books, pp. 283–284, ISBN 978-1-63144-039-7
  19. Asian Recorder (1990), "Annexure VII: Asian Recorder, 1–7, Jan. 1973 (SUMMARY: Delineation Maps Exchanged with Pakistan)", in Jasjit Singh (ed.), India and Pakistan: Crisis of Relationship, Lancer Publishers, pp. 185–189, ISBN 978-81-7062-118-8
  20. Point 5353 still under Pak occupation: brig (Retd.) Surinder Singh, Zee News, 7 July 2004.
  21. Malik 2006, p. 313.
  22. Praveen Swami, Controversy on point 5353, The Hindu Business Line, 13 August 2000: "First, the Army's own one-inch maps... make clear that point 5353 is on the Indian side of the LoC. Copies of these maps, in Business Line's possession, show that the Marpo La ridge, on which point 5353 is located, does slope down into the Pakistan side of the LoC. But the summit and southern face of point 5353, where Pakistan has built fortified bunkers, are unmistakably on the Indian side of the LoC."
  23. Rahul Bedi, Fears of fresh clash over Kashmir peak, The Telegraph, 11 August 2000: "Military sources said Point 5353, a 17,397 ft peak on Indian territory, was under Pakistani control..."
  24. Manu Pubby, Near Tiger Hill, Point 5353 still Pak-occupied, The Indian Express, 13 July 2009: "While the point is clearly on the Indian side of the LoC, it remains in Pakistani control..."
  25. Joshi, Manoj (24 August 2000). "The peak of contention: Army says it was never ours". The Times of India.
  26. Samaddar, Ranabir (2012), The Nation Form: Essays on Indian Nationalism, SAGE Publications India, p. 272, ISBN 9788132116790
  27. Press Trust of India (2000), Data India, Issues 30–51, Press Institute of India, p. 571
  28. Swami, Praveen (13 August 2000), "Controversy on point 5353", The Hindu Business Line, retrieved 20 January 2018
  29. Swami, Praveen (29 June 2004). "Commander ordered capture of Point 5353 in Kargil war". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  30. Aneja, Atul (28 August 2000). "India, Pak. reposition forces in Dras". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  31. Joseph, Josy (30 August 2000). "Pakistan occupying six Indian peaks, claims MP". Rediff News. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  32. "Pakistan 'not holding Kashmir peaks'". BBC News. 31 August 2000. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  33. "Pt 5353 on LoC: Defence Ministry". The Tribune. 2 September 2000. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  34. "Defence ministry issues vague denial on Anand claims". Rediff.com. 1 September 2000. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
  35. Mainstream, 38, N. Chakravartty, 2000, p. 30
  36. Swami, Praveen (24 August 2002). "Border skirmishes in Drass since May". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 30 August 2005. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  37. Swami, Praveen (23 August 2002). "LoC turns hot again". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 25 January 2005. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  38. Bhonsle, Rahul K (2009). "Kargil 1999: Limited War, Unlimited Consequences" (PDF). Centre for Land Warfare Studies: 78.
  39. Markey, Daniel S. (2013), No Exit from Pakistan: America's Tortured Relationship with Islamabad (illustrated, reprint ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 115, ISBN 9781107045460
  40. Puri, Mohinder (2015), Kargil: Turning the Tide, Lancer Publishers LLC, p. 130, ISBN 9781940988238
  41. "Mohinder Puri's new book narrates first-hand account of Kargil War". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  42. Puri, Mohinder (24 July 2013). "Kargil: A Ringside View". Indian Defence Review. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  43. Sreedharan, Chindu; Joseph, Josy (27 July 2001). "'Pakistan thought the Indian Army's back was broken'". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  44. Swami, Praveen (9 March 2004). "War and peace on Gurkha Post". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

Bibliography
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