Pleuroctenium

Pleuroctenium Hawle & Corda (1847) [2] is an agnostid trilobite belonging to the family The Condylopygidae Raymond (1913).[3] The genus occurs in Middle Cambrian (Drumian) strata of Canada (Newfoundland and New Brunswick), the Czech Republic, England and Wales, France, and Sweden.

Pleuroctenium
Temporal range: early Middle Cambrian (Amgaian to Mayaian)
↓
P. granulatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Trilobita
Order:
Agnostida
Suborder:
Agnostina
Superfamily:
Condylopygoidea
Family:
Condylopygidae
Genus:
Pleuroctenium

Hawle & Corda, 1847[1]
species
  • P. granulatum (Barrande, 1846) (type) synonyms Battus granulatus, Agnostus granulatus, Dichagnostus granulatus
    • P. granulatum granulatum
    • P. granulatum pileatum Rushton, 1966
    • P. granulatum scanense Westergård, 1946
  • P. bifurcatum (Illing, 1916)
  • P. magnificum Howell, 1935
  • P. tuberculatum (Illing, 1916)
Synonyms

Dichagnostus

Type species

By subsequent designation by Vogdes (1925) [4] Battus granulatus Barrande, 1846, p. 15.,[5] from the Middle Cambrian of Bohemia.

Lectotype: By subsequent designation by Snajdr (1958),[6] National Museum of Prague, coll. Barrande, cc 250, No.1008; figured Barrande (1852, pl. 49, fig.5);[7] Šnadjr (1958, pl. 2, fig. 5); and Horny & Bastl, 1970, p1. 1, fig. 6.[8] From the Skryje Beds (Jince Fmn.), Eccaparadoxides pusillus Zone, Týřovice, Bohemia.

Diagnosis

(from Rushton, 1966, p. 29) [9] "In Pleuroctenium the anterior galabellar lobe is crescent-shaped and wrapped around the posterior glabellar lobe, the pygidial axis bears discrete spines, the borders and border-furrows are narrow, long spines are commonly developed and the surface is generally granulose". The presence of a spine on the occipital band has been recognised as a distinctive feature of condylopygoids (Rushton, op. cit.).

Distribution
  • P. granulatum granulatum Barrande (1846) has been collected from the early Middle Cambrian of Canada (Mawddachites hicksi [10] Zone in the Manuels River Formation, South-East Newfoundland), the Czech Republic (higher levels of the Skryje Shales, Jince Formation, Skryje-Týřovice area), the "Paradoxides aurora" Zone to upper part of the Mawddachites hicksi Zone in the Abbey Shale Formation, Nuneaton, central England [1] and from lower part of the Tomagnostus fissus Biozone within the Porth-y-rhaw Group, lower Menevia Formation [11] of Dwrhyd, Nine Wells, near St David's, SW Wales. The Whitesands Bay Formation (lowest lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Porth-y-rhaw Group) of Rees et al,. (op. cit., P. 72) is conventionally referred to the biozone of "Paradoxides aurora" Salter,[12][13] following Hicks (1881).[14] However, that species is a probable junior subjective synonym of Mawddachites hicksii, and so no independent aurora Biozone can be recognized.
  • P. granulatum scanense Westergard, 1946 (p. 35, pl.1, figs. 8-11 & pl.2, figs. 14-17) [15] The holotype cephalon was figured by Westergard (op. cit., pl. 2, fig 14); from the Hypagnostus parvifrons Biozone, Andrarum, Scania). The subspecies is also recorded from the Menevia Formation (Drumian) of Porth-y-rhaw, St David's Peninsula, SW Wales, Locs. OE-1 and PR-4 of Rees et al., (op. cit p. 26, Fig. 1.17 & p. 26, Fig. 1.18, respectively).
  • P. granulatum tuberculatum (Illing 1916, p. 421, pl. 33, figs. 4-8).[16] The lectotype, SM A53055, is the specimen shown in Illing's (1916) fig. 7 of pl.33; selected and re-illustrated by Rushton (1979, p. 48, fig. 2H);[17] from the Abbey Shale Formation, Hartshill Hayes, Nuneaton, T. fissus Biozone (horizon D3). Also recorded from the H. parvifrons Biozone, Menevia Formation in SW Wales, Loc PR-4 of Rees et al., (op. cit.) and from the Mawddachites hicksii Zone and lower part of the P. davidis Zone in the Manuels River Formation of southeastern Newfoundland (Hutchinson 1962).
  • P. granulatum pileatum (Rushton 1966, p. 33, pl. 4, figs. 18 a-c), from the Purley Shale (c. 650' above base), Accadoparadoxides? pinus Zone, of Camp Hill, Stockingford, Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. [Closest ICS interval: Cambrian Series 3 – Terreneuvian Epoch.
  • P. bifurcatum (Illing 1916, p. 421, pl.33, figs. 2,3). Lectotype is SM A456, Illing's (1916) fig.2 of pl.33; selected and re-illustrated by Rushton (1979, p. 48, fig. 2C). From the Ptychagnostus punctuosus Biozone (horizon G3), Abbey Shale Formation, Hartshill Hayes. The species occurs also in the Manuels River Formation of SE Newfoundland, uppermost part of the Paradoxides davidis Zone. P. cf. bifircatum (listed as P. bifurcatum) is recorded from the Menevia Formation of Porth-y-rhaw, SW Wales, Pt. punctuosus Biozone (Loc. PR-12 of Rees et al. 2014, p. 27 & Fig. 1.18), and differs from bifurcatum (s.s.) in lacking the double row of three tubercles on the pygidium. Rushton (1979, p. 49) also mentioned a doubtful pygidium from Illing's Abbey Shales horizon G1, lowest horizon of the Pt. punctuosus Biozone at Nuneaton, which lacks the double row of tubercles on the axis, but which otherwise agrees with that of P. bifurcatum.
  • P. magnificum Howell (1935) is from the Middle Cambrian of Hérault, Southern France.[18]

References
  1. FATKA, O.; HERYNCK, J.; NAJMAN, P. (2004). "New finds of agnostid trilobites in the Skryje-Týřovice area (Middle Cambrian, Barrandian Area, Czech Republic)" (PDF). Journal of the Czech Geological Society. 49 (1–2): 75–81.
  2. HAWLE, J. & CORDA, A. J. C. 1847. Prodrom einer Monographieder bohmischen Trilobiten. 176 pp. J. G. Calve, Prague.
  3. RAYMOND, P. E., 1913: Some changes in the names of genera of trilobites. The Ottawa Naturalist, 26: 137−142.
  4. VOGDES, A. W., 1925 - A list of the genera and subgenera of the Trilobita. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 4, 89-115.
  5. BARRANDE, J. 1846. Notice pre Âliminaire sur le syste Áme silurien et les trilobites de Bohême. Leipzig, 97 pp.
  6. SNAJDR, M., 1958 - Trilobiti ceskeho stredniho Kambria. Vestnik Ustredniho ustavu Geologickeho, 24, 280 pp., 46 pls. [English summary pp. 237-280].
  7. BARRANDE, J. 1852. Systême Silurien du centre de la Bohême. Ière partie. Recherches paléontologiques, Vol. I. Crustacés, Trilobites. Prague & Paris, xxx + 935 pp.)
  8. HORNY, R. & BASTL, F., 1970 - Type specimens of fossils in the National Museum, Prague. Volume 1, Trilobita, 354 pp., 20 pis. Museum of Natural History, Prague.
  9. RUSHTON, A. W. A. 1966. The Cambrian trilobites from the Purley Shales of Warwickshire. Palaeontogr. Soc. Monogr. 120: 1-55).
  10. FLETCHER, T. P., 2007: Correlating the zones of ‘Paradoxides hicksii’ and ‘Paradoxides davidis’ in Cambrian Series 3. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 33, 35 – 56.
  11. REES, A. J., THOMAS, A. T., LEWIS, M., HUGHES, H. E. & TURNER, P. 2014. The Cambrian of SW Wales: Towards a United Avalonian Stratigraphy. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 42, 1–30.
  12. SALTER, J. W., 1869. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. 25, p. 54, pl. 2, fig. 2.
  13. LAKE, P. 1935. p. 212, pl. 30, figs. 1 + 5.
  14. HICKS, H. 1881. The classification of the Eozoic and Lower Palaeozoic rocks of the British Isles. Popular Science Review, 5, 289–308.
  15. WESTERGÄRD, A. H. 1946. Agnostidea of the Middle Cambrian of Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Untersokning, Avhandlingar Series C. no. 526.
  16. ILLING, V. C. 1916. The paradoxidian fauna of a part of the Stockingford Shales. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, London, 71 [for 1915], 386–450.
  17. RUSHTON, A. W. A. 1979. A review of the Middle Cambrian Agnostida from the Abbey Shales, England. Alcheringa 3: 43-61.
  18. HOWELL B. F., 1935. Cambrian and Ordovician Trilobites from Hérault, Southern France. Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Apr., 1935), pp. 222-238.
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