Phlebovirus

Phlebovirus is one of four genera of the family Phenuiviridae in the order Bunyavirales. The genus currently comprises 60 species.[1] It derives its name from Phlebotominae, the vectors of member species Sandfly fever Naples phlebovirus, which is said to be ultimately from the Greek phlebos, meaning "vein".[2] The proper word for "vein" in ancient Greek is however phleps (φλέψ).[3]

Phlebovirus
Prototypic phlebovirus virion and genome organization.
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Ellioviricetes
Order: Bunyavirales
Family: Phenuiviridae
Genus: Phlebovirus
Type species
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
Species

See text

Virology
Replication cycle of phleboviruses.

Phleboviruses are viruses with a negative-sense RNA genome consisting of three segments. The small segment (S) codes for the viral N protein and a non structural protein, NSs via an ambisense coding strategy. The medium-sized segment (M) codes for a precursor of the viral glycoproteins and non-structural components. The product of the largest segment (L) is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.[4]

Clinical significance

The following twelve viruses have been linked to disease in humans: Alenquer virus,[5] Bhanja virus,[6] Candiru virus,[7] Chagres virus, Naples virus, Punta Toro virus, Rift Valley fever, Sicilian virus, Toscana virus, Uukuniemi virus, Heartland virus[8] (the first tick-borne phlebovirus known to cause disease in the Western Hemisphere, discovered in 2009), and the Sandfly Turkey virus (discovered in China in 2011).[9] They cause symptoms ranging from short self-limiting fevers, such as pappataci fever, to encephalitis and fatal haemorrhagic fever.

Taxonomy

The following species are recognized:[1]

  • Adana phlebovirus
  • Aguacate phlebovirus
  • Alcube phlebovirus
  • Alenquer phlebovirus
  • Ambe phlebovirus
  • Anhanga phlebovirus
  • Arumowot phlebovirus
  • Buenaventura phlebovirus
  • Bujaru phlebovirus
  • Cacao phlebovirus
  • Campana phlebovirus
  • Candiru phlebovirus
  • Chagres phlebovirus
  • Cocle phlebovirus
  • Dashli phlebovirus
  • Durania phlebovirus
  • Echarate phlebovirus
  • Frijoles phlebovirus
  • Gabek phlebovirus
  • Gordil phlebovirus
  • Icoaraci phlebovirus
  • Itaituba phlebovirus
  • Itaporanga phlebovirus
  • Ixcanal phlebovirus
  • Karimabad phlebovirus
  • La Gloria phlebovirus
  • Lara phlebovirus
  • Leticia phlebovirus
  • Maldonado phlebovirus
  • Massilia phlebovirus
  • Medjerda phlebovirus
  • Mona Grita phlebovirus
  • Mukawa phlebovirus
  • Munguba phlebovirus
  • Naples phlebovirus
  • Nique phlebovirus
  • Ntepes phlebovirus
  • Odrenisrou phlebovirus
  • Oriximina phlebovirus
  • Pena Blanca phlebovirus
  • Punique phlebovirus
  • Punta Toro phlebovirus
  • Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
  • Rio Grande phlebovirus
  • Saint Floris phlebovirus
  • Salanga phlebovirus
  • Salehabad phlebovirus
  • Salobo phlabovirus
  • Sicilian phlebovirus
  • Tapara phlebovirus
  • Tehran phlebovirus
  • Tico phebovirus
  • Toros phlebovirus
  • Toscana phlebovirus
  • Tres Almendras phlebovirus
  • Turuna phlebovirus
  • Uriurana phlebovirus
  • Urucuri phlebovirus
  • Viola phlebovirus
  • Zerdali phlebovirus

As of 2015, within the phlebovirus there are three genetic groups of tick-borne phleboviruses : the SFTS group, the Bhanja group, and the Uukuniemi group.[10] A fourth group has been described.[11]

Serogroups

There are several recognized serocomplexes

Bhanja serocomplex

Candiru serocomplex

Frijoles serocomplex
  • Frijoles virus

Salehabad serocomplex
  • Adana virus
  • Adria virus
  • Alcube virus
  • Arbia virus
  • Salehabad virus

Sandfly fever serocomplex

The sandfly serocomplex is divided into two groups: Naples and Sicilian

Sandfly fever Naples group
Sandfly fever Sicilian group

Punta Toro serocomplex

Uukuniemi serocomplex
  • Albatross Island virus
    • Hunter Island Group virus
  • Catch-me-cave virus
  • Grand Arbaud virus
  • Henan Fever virus[12]
  • Guertu virus
  • Heartland virus
  • Khasan virus
  • Komandory virus
  • Malsoor virus
  • Manawa virus
  • Rukutama virus
  • Murre virus group
    • Murre virus
    • RML-105-105355 virus
    • Sunday Canyon virus
  • Precarious Point virus
  • Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus
  • Uukuniemi virus group
    • Uukuniemi virus
    • EgAn 1825-61 virus
    • Fin V707 virus
    • Chize virus
    • Zaliv Terpenia virus

Kaisodi virus complex
  • Kabuto Mountain virus
  • Kaisodi virus
  • Lanjan virus
  • Silverwater virus

Other viruses
  • American Dog Tick virus
  • Blacklegged tick phlebovirus
  • Lone Star virus
  • Mukawa virus
  • Pacific Coast Tick phlebovirus
  • Shibuyunji virus
  • South Bay virus

References
  1. "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  2. "ICTV 9th Report (2011) Bunyaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 31 January 2019. Phlebo: refers to phlebotomine vectors of sandfly fever group viruses; Greek phlebos, “vein”.
  3. Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. With the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  4. Modrow, Susanne; Falke, Dietrich; Truyen, Uwe; Schätzl, Hermann. Molecular Virology. Springer. p. 460. ISBN 978-3-642-20718-1.
  5. Travassos da Rosa AP, Tesh RB, Pinheiro FP, Travassos da Rosa JF, Peterson NE (1983). "Characterization of eight new phlebotomus fever serogroup arboviruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of Brazil". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 32 (5): 1164–71. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.1164. PMID 6312820.
  6. Vesenjak-Hirjan J, Calisher CH, Beus I. Marton E. First natural clinical human Bhanja virus infection, p 297–301. 1980. In Vesenjak-Hirjan J, Porterfield JS, Arslanagí, c E (ed), Arboviruses in the Mediterranean countries: 6th FEMS Symposium. Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany.
  7. Palacios, Gustavo; Tesh, Robert; Travassos da Rosa, Amelia; Savji, Nazir; Sze, Wilson; Jain, Komal; Serge, Robert; Guzman, Hilda; Guevara, Carolina; Nunes, Marcio; Nunes-Neto, Joaquim; Kochel, Tadeusz; Hutchinson, Stephen; Vasconcelos, Pedro; Lipkin, Ian (2011). "Characterization of the Candiru antigenic complex (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus), a highly diverse and reassorting group of viruses affecting humans in tropical America". Journal of Virology. 85 (8): 3811–20. doi:10.1128/JVI.02275-10. PMC 3126144. PMID 21289119.
  8. Savage, HM; Godsey, MS; Lambert, A; Panella, NA; Burkhalter, KL; Harmon, JR; Lash, RR; Ashley, DC; Nicholson, WL (2013). "First detection of heartland virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from field collected arthropods". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89 (3): 445–52. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0209. PMC 3771279. PMID 23878186.
  9. Yu, X. J.; Liang, M. F.; Zhang, S. Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, J. D.; Sun, Y. L.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Q. F.; Popov, V. L.; Li, C.; Qu, J.; Li, Q.; Zhang, Y. P.; Hai, R.; Wu, W.; Wang, Q.; Zhan, F. X.; Wang, X. J.; Kan, B.; Wang, S. W.; Wan, K. L.; Jing, H. Q.; Lu, J. X.; Yin, W. W.; Zhou, H.; Guan, X. H.; Liu, J. F.; Bi, Z. Q.; Liu, G. H.; Ren, J. (2011). "Fever with Thrombocytopenia Associated with a Novel Bunyavirus in China". New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (16): 1523–1532. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1010095. PMC 3113718. PMID 21410387.
  10. Matsuno, K; Weisend, C; Kajihara, M; Matysiak, C; Williamson, BN; Simuunza, M; Mweene, AS; Takada, A; Tesh, RB; Ebihara, H (January 2015). "Comprehensive molecular detection of tick-borne phleboviruses leads to the retrospective identification of taxonomically unassigned bunyaviruses and the discovery of a novel member of the genus phlebovirus". J Virol. 89 (1): 594–604. doi:10.1128/JVI.02704-14. PMC 4301164. PMID 25339769.
  11. Matsuno, K; Weisend, C; Kajihara, M; Matysiak, C; Williamson, BN; Simuunza, M; Mweene, AS; Takada, A; Tesh, RB; Ebihara, H (2015). "Comprehensive molecular detection of tick-borne phleboviruses leads to the retrospective identification of taxonomically unassigned bunyaviruses and the discovery of a novel member of the genus phlebovirus". J Virol. 89 (1): 594–604. doi:10.1128/JVI.02704-14.
  12. Xu, B.; Liu, L.; Huang, X.; Ma, H.; Zhang, Y.; Du, Y.; Wang, P.; Tang, X.; Wang, H.; Kang, K.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, G.; Wu, W.; Yang, Y.; Chen, H.; Mu, F.; Chen, W. (2011). Palacios, Gustavo (ed.). "Metagenomic Analysis of Fever, Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia Syndrome (FTLS) in Henan Province, China: Discovery of a New Bunyavirus". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (11): e1002369. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002369. PMC 3219706. PMID 22114553.

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