Phlebopus marginatus

Phlebopus marginatus, known as the salmon gum mushroom in Western Australia, is a member of the Boletales or pored fungi and possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, with the weight of one specimen from Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 pounds). It is an imposing sight in forests of southeastern and southwestern Australia. Initially described as Boletus marginatus in 1845, and also previously known by scientific names such as Phaeogyroporus portentosus and Boletus portentosus it is in fact not as closely related to typical boletes as previously thought.

Phlebopus marginatus
In New South Wales, Australia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Boletales
Family:
Boletinellaceae
Genus:
Phlebopus
Species:
P. marginatus
Binomial name
Phlebopus marginatus
Watling & N.M.Greg. (1988)
Synonyms[1][2]
  • Boletus marginatus J.Drumm. (1845)
  • Boletus portentosus Berk. & Broome (1873)
  • Phlebopus portentosus (Berk. & Broome) Boedijn (1951)[3]
  • Phaeogyroporus portentosus (Berk. & Broome) McNabb (1968)[4]
  • Boletus brevitubus M.Zang (1991)
Phlebopus marginatus
float
Mycological characteristics
pores on hymenium
cap is convex
hymenium is seceding
stipe is bare
spore print is brown
ecology is mycorrhizal
edibility: not recommended

Taxonomy

English naturalist Miles Joseph Berkeley initially described Boletus marginatus in 1845, from the writings and specimens of James Drummond, from the vicinity of the Swan River Colony in Western Australia.[5] Berkeley and Broome described Boletus portentosus in a report published in 1873 of the fungi of Ceylon, from a specimen with a 25 cm (8 in) diameter cap collected on June 15, 1869. They held it to be related to Boletus aestivalis.[6] Microscopic differences led to it being reclassified; Boedijn noted the shape of its spores, lack of cystidia and short tubes and allocated it to the genus Phlebopus in 1951.[3] New Zealand botanist Robert McNabb followed Rolf Singer who had determined Phlebopus was a nomen dubium (though conceding Singer was likely in error), and coined the binomial Phaeogyroporus portentosus,[4] by which it was known for some years. In his 1982 review of the genus, mycologist Paul Heinemann used this latter designation.[7] The generic name is derived from the Greek Φλεψ/Φλεβο- "vein",[8] and πους "foot".[9]

Considering the two taxa to be the same,[10] mycologist Roy Watling proposed the name Phlebopus marginatus over P. portentosus in 2001, pointing out that the former name predated the latter.[11] He noted specimens across its range conform to the species description, although queried whether a single species occurs over so wide a range.[12]

It is not as closely related to typical boletes as was previously thought. The genus Phlebopus is a member of the suborder Sclerodermatineae, which makes it more closely related to earth balls than to typical boletes. Within this suborder, Phlebopus makes up the family Boletinellaceae with Boletinellus.[11][13] Boletus brevitubus, described from Cephalocitrus grandis and Delonix regia forests of Yunnan, China in 1991,[14] was placed into synonymy with Phlebopus marginatus in 2009.[2]

A common name in Western Australia is salmon gum mushroom.[15] Common names in Asia include hed har and hed tub tao dum in Thailand, or tropical black bolete.[16]

Description
P. marginatus cap from above,
East Gippsland, Victoria - January 1992

Possibly Australia's largest terrestrial mushroom, Phlebopus marginatus produces fruit bodies that can reach huge proportions.[17] The weight of one specimen from western Victoria recorded at 29 kg (64 pounds).[17] John Burton Cleland reported finding specimens with a cap diameter of 70 cm (28 in), weighing over 70 pounds (32 kg).[4] The cap is convex to flat, occasionally with a depressed centre. It is brown to olive and covered in fine hair.[18] Records between countries vary as to the colour change on cutting or bruising of flesh,[19] with those of Western Australia indicating no change,[15] while New Zealand and Indonesian collections are reported to have some bluish discoloration on bruising at the top of the stem.[3][4] The spores are yellow-brown. Mature specimens are very attractive to insects and often infested with them.[17]

Distribution and habitat
Phlebopus marginatus near Honeysuckle Creek, ACT

Phlebopus marginatus is an example of a Gondwanan fungus, being found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Sri Lanka as well as Australia and New Zealand,[20] with related species found in South America. In fact, it is a pantropical species.

Within Australia it has been recorded from the southeast of South Australia to New South Wales.[18] Within Australia it occurs in eucalypt forests and may be found any time after rain.[17] Fruit bodies may be isolated or spring up in groups or even fairy rings.[17] It occurs in rainforest in the Cooloola section of the Great Sandy National Park in Queensland.[10]

In New Zealand it is possibly associated with Nothofagus truncata.[4] McNabb was unsure of whether it was introduced or indigenous to New Zealand though suspected it was the latter due to it being found in dense native forest near Rotorua. Other collections were in the vicinity of Auckland.[4]

It is common in Java and Sumatra.[3]

In China it is found in Yunnan, Guangxi and Hainan provinces.[21] In China, it grows in association with poinciana (Delonix regia), mango (Mangifera indica), coffee (Coffea arabica), pomelo (Citrus grandis), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and oak (Quercus) species.[21]

Edibility

As with many Australian mushrooms, Phlebopus marginatus is not widely eaten although recorded in several publications as edible and mild tasting or bland.[15][17][22][23] Australian mushroom expert Bruce Fuhrer warns of its propensity to be maggot-ridden.[17]

It is consumed in Laos, northern Thailand, Myanmar and southern China,[16] namely the tropical areas of Yunnan province, where excessive picking for markets has depleted wild populations. Its large size and flavour make it a desired mushroom in markets in the Xishuangbanna region.[21] It is also consumed in Reunion Island. Since 2003, efforts have been made to try and cultivate it.[21]

References
  1. "Phlebopus marginatus Watling & N.M. Greg. :73, 1988". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-02-17.
  2. Lei, Qi-Yi; Zhou, Jiang-Ju; Wang, Qing-Bin. (2009). "Notes on three bolete species from China" (PDF). Mycosystema. 28 (1): 56–59. ISSN 1672-6472.
  3. Boedijn, Karel Bernard (1951). "Some mycological notes". Sydowia. 5 (3–6): 211–29 (see p. 218).
  4. McNabb, Robert Francis Ross (1968). "The Boletaceae of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 6 (2): 137–76 (see p. 142). doi:10.1080/0028825X.1968.10429056.
  5. Berkeley, Miles Joseph (1845). "Decades of fungi. Dec. III-VII. Australian fungi". London Journal of Botany. 4: 42–73 (see p. 50).
  6. Berkeley, Miles Joseph; Broome, C.E. (1873). "Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon. Part II., containing the remainder of the Hymenomycetes, with the remaining established tribes of Fungi" (PDF). Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 14 (73): 29–64 [46]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1873.tb00301.x.
  7. Heinemann P, Rammeloo J (1982). "-Observations sur le genre Phlebopus (Boletineae)" [Observations on the genus Phlebopus (Boletineae)]. Mycotaxon (in French). 15 (1): 384–404. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  8. Liddell & Scott 1980, p. 763.
  9. Liddell & Scott 1980, p. 580.
  10. Watling, Roy; Hui, Li Tai (1999). Australian Boletes: A Preliminary Survey. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-872291-28-4.
  11. Watling, Roy; Gregory, N.M. (1988). "Observations on the boletes of the Cooloola sandmass, Queensland and notes on their distribution in Australia. Part 2 B: smooth spored taxa of the family Gyrodontaceae and the genus Pulveroboletus". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 99: 65–76.
  12. Watling, Roy (2001). "The relationships and possible distributional patterns of boletes in south-east Asia". Mycological Research. 105 (12): 1440–48. doi:10.1017/S0953756201004877.
  13. Wilson, AW; Binder, M; Hibbett, DS (2012). "Diversity and evolution of the ectomycorrhiza host associations in the Sclerodermatineae (Boletales, Basidiomycota)". New Phytologist. 194 (4): 1079–1094. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04109.x. PMID 22471405.
  14. Zang, M. (1991). "Boletus brevitubus – a new taxon of genus Boletus from Yunnan". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 10 (2): 111–19.
  15. Griffiths, Kevin (1985). A Field Guide to the Larger Fungi of the Darling Scarp & South West of Western Australia. Hong Kong: Griffiths K. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-9589705-0-1.
  16. Mortimer, Peter; Karunarathna, Samantha C.; Li, Qiaohong; Gui, Heng; Yang, Xueqing; Yang, Xuefei; He, Jun; Ye, Lei; Guo, Jiayu; Li, Huili; Sysouphanthong, Phongeun; Zhou, Dequn; Xu, Jianchu; Hyde, Kevin D. (2012). "Prized edible Asian mushrooms: ecology, conservation and sustainability". Fungal Diversity. 56 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1007/s13225-012-0196-3.
  17. Fuhrer, Bruce (2005). A Field Guide to Australian Fungi. Melbourne, Victoria: Bloomings Books. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-876473-51-8.
  18. Cleland, John B. (1976) [1934]. Toadstools and Mushrooms and Other Larger Fungi of South Australia. Adelaide, South Australia: South Australian Government Printer. pp. 190–91.
  19. Watling, Roy (2006). "The sclerodermatoid fungi". Mycoscience. 47 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1007/s10267-005-0267-3.
  20. Watling, Roy (2001). "The relationships and possible distributional patterns of boletes in south-east Asia". Mycological Research. 105 (12): 1440–48. doi:10.1017/s0953756201004877.
  21. Kai-Ping Ji; Yang Cao; Chun-Xia Zhang; Ming-Xia He; Jing Liu; Wen-Bing Wang; Yun Wang (2011). "Cultivation of Phlebopus portentosus in southern China". Mycological Progress. 10 (3): 293–300. doi:10.1007/s11557-010-0700-7.
  22. Bougher, Neal L.; Syme, Katrina (1998). Fungi of Southern Australia. Nedlands, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-875560-80-6.
  23. Hilton, Roger (1988). Field and Forest: Edible Fungi in W.A. (Landscope. - Vol. 3, no. 3). Department of Conservation and Land Management Western Australia.

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