Phascolosoma granulatum

Phascolosoma granulatum is a species of peanut worm in the family Phascolosomatidae. It is found in shallow water in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.[1]

Phascolosoma granulatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Sipuncula
Class:	Phascolosomatidea
Order:	Phascolosomatida
Family:	Phascolosomatidae
Genus:	Phascolosoma
Species:	P. granulatum
Binomial name
Phascolosoma granulatum Leuckart, 1828[1]
Synonyms[1]
List Dendrostomum huxleyii M'Intosh, 1866 Phascolosoma fasciatum Baird, 1868 Phascolosoma granulata Leuckart, 1828 Phascolosoma jeffreysii Baird, 1868 Phascolosoma laeve (Cuvier, 1817) Phascolosoma lovénii Koren & Danielssen, 1876 Phascolosoma multitorquatum (Quatrefages, 1865) Phascolosoma papillosum (Thompson, 1840) Phascolosoma verrucosum (Cuvier, 1817) Phascolosomum granulatum Leuckart, 1828 Phascolosomum laeve (Cuvier, 1817) Phascolosomum papillosum (Thompson, 1840) Phymosoma granulatum (Leuckart, 1828) Phymosoma herouardi Hérubel, 1903 Phymosoma loveni (Koren & Danielssen, 1876) Phymosoma lovenii (Koren & Danielssen, 1876) Physcosoma granulatum (Leuckart, 1828) Physcosoma loveni (Koren & Danielssen, 1876) Physcosoma lovenii (Koren & Danielssen, 1876) Siponculus levis Cuvier, 1817 Siponculus verrucosus Cuvier, 1817 Sipunculus (Phascolosoma) verrucosus Cuvier, 1817 Sipunculus (Phymosomum) multitorquatus Quatrefages, 1865 Sipunculus (Phymosomum) papillosus Thompson, 1840 Sipunculus flavus Risso, 1826 Sipunculus genuensis de Blainville, 1827 Sipunculus laevis Cuvier, 1817 Sipunculus papillosus Thompson, 1840 Sipunculus tigrinus Risso, 1826 Sipunculus tuberculatus de Blainville, 1827 Sipunculus verrucosus Cuvier, 1817 Syrinx papillosus (Thompson, 1840)

Description

P. granulatum is a moderately large peanut worm growing to a length of 100 mm (4 in). The trunk is robust and tapers towards the posterior. The eversible introvert has a crescent-shaped bundle of 12 to 60 tentacles near its tip; these tentacles are located above the mouth and surround the large nuchal organ. Below the oral disc is a swollen collar with up to 60 rings of curved hooks with broad triangular bases. The posterior rings are often partially worn away. The surface of the trunk is covered with dome-shaped papillae (fleshy projections from the body wall) of various sizes, each tipped with a dark coloured ring. The largest papillae are at the base of the introvert and at the foot of the trunk and are often a darker colour than the remainder. Small individual worms tend to have dark banding on the introvert. In general the colouring and appearance of this species is quite variable which probably explains why it has so many synonyms.[2]

Distribution and habitat

P. granulatum is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It has been recorded in Norway but its main range extends from the British Isles southwards to the Cape Verde Islands and the Mediterranean Sea. In the British Isles, it is mainly found on the western coast of Ireland as well as in Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides, and sporadically elsewhere. It burrows in soft sediments, such as muddy sand and gravel, intertidally and to a depth of about 90 m (300 ft); it conceals itself under rocks and in crevices and is often associated with the red crustose algae Lithothamnion.[2] Reports that it occurs in the Indian Ocean are now thought to refer to Phascolosoma stephensoni.[3]

References

1. Saiz-Salinas, José (2018). "Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) granulatum Leuckart, 1828". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
2. de Kluijver, M.J.; et al. "Phascolosoma granulatum Leuckart, 1828". Macrobenthos of the North Sea: Sipuncula. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
3. Edward B. Cutler (2018). The Sipuncula: Their Systematics, Biology, and Evolution. Cornell University Press. p. 177179. ISBN 978-1-5017-2364-3.