Pelindaba

Pelindaba (Zulu for "end of story" or "the conclusion") is South Africa's main nuclear research center, run by the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation. It is situated near the Hartbeespoort Dam, approximately 33 km (22 miles) west of Pretoria, on the farm that once belonged to Gustav Preller. During the apartheid era, it was the location where South Africa's atomic bombs were partially developed and constructed.[1]

Pelindaba as viewed from the north in 2006

History

The research reactor SAFARI-1 was received from the U.S., constructed and inaugurated in 1965.[2] Since then, it has operated with an output of up to 20 MW.[3][4] The reactor cost $10.5 million.[5] Enriched uranium for use in the reactor was initially supplied by the U.S. and has been subject to IAEA safeguards.[6]

At the time of Pelindaba's inauguration, future cooperation between France and South Africa on nuclear technology was anticipated.[7] That relationship ultimately lead to the establishment of the Koeberg Nuclear Power Station.

While the official purpose of the Pelindaba facility was "to harness the versatile power of the atom and apply it to maximum peaceful advantage" it was also speculated that South Africa could produce its own atomic weapons by 1966.[8]

In 1966, Pelindaba reported detecting elevated levels of radiation following French nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific.[9]

In 1970 it was officially revealed that the development of a pilot plant for the enrichment of uranium was underway. Prime Minister John Vorster said of the development that "our sole objective in the development and application of the process is to promote the peaceful application of nuclear energy. Only then can it be to our benefit and to the benefit of mankind."[10] Details of the method of uranium enrichment were withheld as official secrets.[11]

In 1971, the Chairman of the South African Atomic Energy board, Abraham J. A. Roux, stated that long hair would not be tolerated in the workplace at Pelindaba.[12]

In 1975, Pelindaba ordered shipments of weapons grade uranium from the U.S., specified for "peaceful uses only". It was to be supplied on condition that any plutonium produced from its fission be returned to the U.S.[13] 27 months later, no shipments had been received.[14]

In 1975, Prime Minister John Vorster said that he expected South Africa to have new uranium enrichment capacity by 1983. He stated that while South Africa was seeking international partners in its enrichment program, it would "go it alone" if necessary.[15] The enrichment process developed at Pelindaba promised to provide major efficiency gains over prior centrifugal processes.[16]

In 1977, Finance Minister Owen Horwood stated that his party stood by its assurance that its nuclear program was for peaceful purposes, but also that it reserved the right to use its potential for other-than-peaceful purposes.[17] The same year, the London Telegraph reported that South Africa had the capability to make nuclear weapons "any time it wishes."[18]

In 1984, the Associated Press reported that South Africa had refused international inspections of facilities at Pelindaba and associated enrichment works at Valindaba.[19] In 1988, the New York Times reported that the SAFARI-1 reactor at Pelindaba was regularly inspected by the IAEA.[20]

In 1992, it was revealed that the Valindaba facility had enriched uranium for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The plant was operational from 1975 until 1990.[21]

In 1996, the Associated Press described Pelindaba as the place "once at the heart of South Africa's (nuclear) weapons program".[22]

The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) was established as a public company by the Republic of South Africa in 1999.

A 4 MV Van de Graaff particle accelerator operates at Pelindaba for various purposes in nuclear sciences.

Incidents

1986 fire

In 1986, a fire at Pelindaba killed two cleaning staff and injured two other personnel. No radioactive releases occurred during the incident.[23]

1994 theft of residue barrels

In August 1994, barrels containing "enriched uranium residue" were stolen from Pelindaba. The theft was detected on 16 August. The contents of 30 barrels were discovered dumped near Pelindaba and as of 4 September, 100 barrels remained missing.[24]

1996 accident

An accident at the Pelindaba research facility exposed workers to radiation. Harold Daniels and several others died from radiation burns and cancers related to the exposure.[25]

2007 armed attack

Shortly after midnight on 8 November 2007, four armed men entered the facility and headed towards a control room in the eastern block.[26] According to the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA), the state-owned entity that runs the facility, the four "technically sophisticated criminals" deactivated several layers of security, including a 10,000-volt electrical fence, suggesting insider knowledge of the system. An off-duty emergency services officer, who was shot by the men after a brief struggle, triggered an alarm, alerting a nearby police station. The four attackers escaped the facility by the same way they had entered after 45 minutes alone in the compound. Though their images were captured on closed-circuit television, they were not detected by security officers because nobody was monitoring the cameras at the time. On 16 November, three suspects, between the ages of 17 and 28, were arrested by local police in connection with the incident but were later released. In response to the attack, NECSA suspended six Pelindaba security personnel, including the general manager of security and promised an "internal investigation which will cover culpability, negligence and improvements of Security Systems." [27] China has been speculated to be behind the attacks.[28]

2009 leak of radioactive gases

On 16 March 2009, a leak of radioactive gases from Pelindaba was reported by NECSA. Abnormal levels of gamma radiation associated with xenon and krypton gases were detected, causing an emergency to be declared. Members of staff were evacuated.[29][30]

See also

References
  1. Engelbrecht, Leon. "Book Review: How SA built six atom bombs | defenceWeb". www.defenceweb.co.za. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  2. "REACTOR Africa to benefit". Canberra Times. 1965-08-07. p. 4. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  3. "SAFARI-1". www.necsa.co.za. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  4. Campbell, Keith. "SAFARI-1 reactor is a great South African success story". Engineering News. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  5. "Cost of Safari-I nuclear reactor at Penidaba, South Africa (1965)". Lancaster Eagle-Gazette. 1965-09-30. p. 15. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  6. "Young opposes ban . . . (nuclear South Africa) (1977)". The San Bernardino County Sun. 1977-10-31. p. 2. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  7. "Vietnam policy attacked". Canberra Times. 1965-08-13. p. 5. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  8. "South Africa can have A-bomb by end of 1966 (nuclear weapons) (1965)". Tucson Daily Citizen. 1965-03-06. p. 4. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  9. "Fallout rises from French nuclear weapons tests (1966)". The Sandusky Register. 1966-08-12. p. 12. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  10. "South Africa may benefit from new uranium enrichment process (1970)". Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. 1970-08-12. p. 83. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  11. "Uranium enrichment process doubts voiced, South Africa (1970)". The Corpus Christi Caller-Times. 1970-07-29. p. 79. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  12. "Trim hair or leave - Pelindaba, South Africa (1971)". The Troy Record. 1971-02-11. p. 7. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  13. "USA gives South Africa 'weapons-grade uranium' (1975)". The Ottawa Journal. 1975-04-14. p. 14. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  14. "Uranium for South Africa delayed (1977)". Florence Morning News. 1977-06-22. p. 8. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  15. "South Africa shops for uranium enrichment partners (1975)". Playground Daily News. 1975-06-12. p. 37. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  16. "South Africa looks for nuclear partners (1975)". Valley Morning Star. 1975-06-15. p. 24. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  17. "Nuclear Africa (1977)". Corsicana Daily Sun. 1977-08-31. p. 7. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  18. "Uranium-rich South Africa may keep atomic bomb secret (1977)". Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph. 1977-09-07. p. 45. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  19. "South Africa fires up nuclear power station (1984)". The Galveston Daily News. 1984-03-15. p. 29. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  20. "USA heads of South African nuclear agency suspension (1988)". The San Bernardino County Sun. 1988-09-22. p. 4. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  21. "Abandoned nuclear plant opened (1992)". The Titusville Herald. 1992-04-17. p. 7. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  22. "49 African countries sign anti-nuclear treaty (1996)". The Index-Journal. 1996-04-11. p. 9. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  23. "Two killed as fire hits nuclear research center in South Africa (1986)". The Galveston Daily News. 1986-08-05. p. 28. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  24. "Mysterious O.J. Simpson envelope contained 'knife with no significant evidence'". Canberra Times. 1994-09-04. p. 7. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
  25. http://www.pmg.org.za/mp3/2007/070620pcenviro1.mp3
  26. "IOL - Pretoria News".
  27. Washington Post, 20 December 2007, Op-Ed by Micah Zenko.
  28. "Spy Cables: 'China behind S Africa nuclear break-ins'". www.aljazeera.com.
  29. "Radiation emergency at nuclear reactor near Pretoria". 16 March 2009.
  30. "all those for nuclear, remain in the room - urban sprout". www.urbansprout.co.za.
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